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  • 1
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    Natural orbital environment definition guidelines for use in aerospace vehicle development (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This document provides definitions of the natural near-Earth space environment suitable for use in the initial development/design phase of any space vehicle. The natural environment includes the neutral atmosphere, plasma, charged particle radiation, electromagnetic radiation (EMR), meteoroids, orbital debris, magnetic field, physical and thermal constants, and gravitational field. Communications and other unmanned satellites operate in geosynchronous-Earth orbit (GEO); therefore, some data are given for GEO, but emphasis is on altitudes from 200 km to 1000 km (low-Earth orbit (LEO)). This document does not cover the induced environment of other effects resulting from presence of the space vehicle. Manmade factors are included as part of the ambient natural environment; i.e., orbital debris and radio frequency (RF) noise generated on Earth, because they are not caused by the presence of the space vehicle but form part of the ambient environment that the space vehicle experiences.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-4527 , M-729 , NAS 1.15:4527
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    The Marshall Engineering Thermosphere model atmosphere Statistical Analysis Mode (MET-SAM) (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The minimum, mean, and maximum exospheric temperature on the globe were calculated for every three hour period from 1947 through 1989 using the algorithms in the Marshall Engineering Thermosphere (MET) model and the appropriate solar activity input parameters. Cumulative percent frequency (CPF) distributions were then calculated for each of these temperatures at five levels of solar activity as defined by the 13-month smoothed values of the 10.7-cm solar radio noise flux. Next, the 50, 95, 97.7, and 100 percentile temperature values in each of these five levels of solar activity were curve fit as a function of the 13-month smoothed 10.7-cm flux. The resulting algorithms are used to compute the exospheric temperature in the MET model instead of the technique developed by Jacchia in his 1970 model. These temperatures are then used to enter tables to determine the total mass density and/or the atomic oxygen number density for application to engineering problems. Users can specify the risk level they are willing to accept in the results of analyses that require neutral atmosphere parameters inputs. The model eliminates the guess work in how to combine the solar activity input parameters to insure that the results provide answers at the proper risk levels.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 91-0453
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Recent improvements in atmospheric environment models for Space Station applications (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The capability of empirical models of the earth's thermosphere must continually be updated if they are to keep pace with their many applications in the aerospace industry. This paper briefly summarizes the progress of several such efforts in support of the Space Station Program. The efforts consists of the development of data bases, analytical studies of the data, and evaluation and intercomparison of thermosphere models. A geomagnetic storm model of Slowey does not compare as well to the MSIS-86 model as does the Marshall Engineering Thermosphere (MET). LDEF orbit decay data is used to evaluate the performance of the MET and MSIS-86 during a period of high solar activity; equal to or exceeding the highest levels that existed during the time of the original data sets upon which these models are based.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 91-0452
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Meteoroids and Meteor Storms: A Threat to Spacecraft (1999)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Robust system design is the best protection against meteoroid damage. Impacts by small meteoroids are common on satellite surfaces, but impacts by meteoroids large enough to damage well designed systems are very rare. Estimating the threat from the normal meteoroid environment is difficult. Estimates for the occasional "storm" are even more uncertain. Common sense precautions are in order for the 1999 Leonids, but wide-spread catastrophic damage is highly unlikely. Strong Leonid showers are also expected in 2000 and 2001, but these pose much less threat than 1999.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: VISTA User''s Conference; 18-21 Aprl. 1999; Atlanta, GA; United States
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  • 5
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    Aerospace Meteorology Lessons Learned Relative to Aerospace Vehicle Design and Operations (2004)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Aerospace Meteorology came into being in the 1950s as the development of rockets for military and civilian usage grew in the United States. The term was coined to identify those involved in the development of natural environment models, design/operational requirements, and environment measurement systems to support the needs of aerospace vehicles, both launch vehicles and spacecraft. It encompassed the atmospheric environment of the Earth, including Earth orbit environments. Several groups within the United States were active in this area, including the Department of Defense, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and a few of the aerospace industry groups. Some aerospace meteorology efforts were similar to those being undertaken relative to aviation interests. As part of the aerospace meteorology activities a number of lessons learned resulted that produced follow on efforts which benefited from these experiences, thus leading to the rather efficient and technologically current descriptions of terrestrial environment design requirements, prelaunch monitoring systems, and forecast capabilities available to support the development and operations of aerospace vehicles.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: 11th AMS Conference on Aviation, Range and Aerospace Meteorology; Oct 04, 2004 - Oct 08, 2004; Hyannis, MA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Estimates of Leonid Storm Probabilities and Fluxes from Historical Information (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: We have analyzed accounts of Leonid storms and showers occurring near the 33 year resonance to derive probabilities of the occurrence of Leonid storms as a function of time since comet nodal passage and distance to the orbit of the particle stream. Based on this analysis, we have obtained the following storm probabilities for the coming apparition: 1997 - 33%, 1998 - 60%, 1999 - 100%, and 2000 - 25%. 95% confidence bands are also computed for these years. An expression for the Leonid storm flux is derived using a simple velocity-corrected ZHR scaling to the sporadic flux, which is then compared to that obtained from observations of the 1966 Leonid storm. The two results agree to within a factor of five, provided the Kessler meteor mass-magnitude relation is used. If the Jenniskens mass-magnitude relation is adopted, then the results are more disparate, disagreeing by a full order of magnitude. From the standpoint of spacecraft risk, it would make sense to choose the more conservative of the two relations, so the expression for the Leonid storm flux is F(sub storm) = 3x 10(exp 19) ZHR m(exp -1.3), where m, the meteoroid mass, is in grams, and the flux is in units of # /m2s. Based on the historical record, we are expecting Leonid ZHR's somewhere between 1000 and 5000 in 1998 and 1999.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Leonid Meteoroid Storm and Satellite Threat; Apr 27, 1998 - Apr 28, 1998; Manhattan Beach, CA; United States
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  • 7
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    Calculation of Area Loss Due to Meteoroid Penetration (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Simple Monte Carlo methods have been applied to the calculation of meteoroid penetration of spacecraft surfaces to account for the distributions of impact angle and velocity on the impact mechanics. Both single sheet and double sheet surfaces have been modeled. The model has been applied to several spacecraft and spacecraft concepts to evaluate light leakage into optical instruments or through sunshades. Results indicate that surfaces are less likely to be penetrated - or will be penetrated less often - than indicated by simply assuming an "average" velocity and normal impact. The reduction is typically about 40 percent. This effect is caused by the angular dependence of the penetration mechanics. However, the probability distribution of penetrating particles is relatively broad and indicates a peak above the ballistic limit particle size associated with the average velocity case.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Leonid Meteoroid Storm and Satellite Threat; Apr 27, 1998 - Apr 28, 1998; Manhattan Beach, CA; United States
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  • 8
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    Atmospheric/Space Environment Support Lessons Learned Regarding Aerospace Vehicle Design and Operations (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In modern government and aerospace industry institutions the necessity of controlling current year costs often leads to high mobility in the technical workforce, "one-deep" technical capabilities, and minimal mentoring for young engineers. Thus, formal recording, use, and teaching of lessons learned are especially important in the maintenance and improvement of current knowledge and development of new technologies, regardless of the discipline area. Within the NASA Technical Standards Program Website http://standards.nasa.gov there is a menu item entitled "Lessons Learned/Best Practices". It contains links to a large number of engineering and technical disciplines related data sets that contain a wealth of lessons learned information based on past experiences. This paper has provided a small sample of lessons learned relative to the atmospheric and space environment. There are many more whose subsequent applications have improved our knowledge of the atmosphere and space environment, and the application of this knowledge to the engineering and operations for a variety of aerospace programs.
    Keywords: Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting; Jan 08, 2005 - Jan 13, 2005; Reno, NV; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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