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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of a radiant “Strip” heater for simulating liquid fuel flows in flame spreading (1990)
    Springer
    Fire technology 26 (1990), S. 156-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Heat flux ; radiant strip heater ; liquid surface motion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract In order to create and to study the effects of liquid surface motion, a radiant strip heater which consisted of a heated rod at the focal point of a parabolic mirror was designed. Several configurations were analyzed to determine the appropriate design for a heater and it was experimentally proven that a heater with eight heated rods placed in an encasement can provide a nearly uniform heat flux on a fuel surface with magnitude varying with vertical distance. Using a heat flux gauge at various horizontal locations at a specific vertical location, the ratio of measured heat flux between the center and the outer edge of the heater was found not to exceed 1.10.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040180
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of fluid drag on low reynolds number discharge of solids from a circular orifice (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 593-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dimensionless solids flowrate for discharge from an orifice in the bottom of a containing vessel is shown to be a function of a parameter that measures the importance of fluid drag to particle inertia. The analysis assumes a linear relation between presure gradient and slip velocity and compares favorably to experiment within its supposed region of applicability for three experimental situations: the self-induced, air-impeded discharge of fine particles from a conical hopper; the discharge of particles from a sealed egg-timer-like vessel; and the air-assisted discharge of particles through an orifice.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270409
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  • 3
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    Effect of fluid drag on low reynolds number discharge of solids from a circular orifice (1981)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 4
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    Backward boundary layers in downward flame spread (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The gas-phase combustion of a vertical fuel slab pyrolyzing at a finite rate under downward flame spread conditions is investigated theoretically. The backward boundary layer character of the flow is exploited, and a transformation that shifts the singularity associated with boundary-layer equations to a location, upstream of flame lift-off, where the surface temperature is nearly ambient, is employed. The boundary-layer flow is matched asymptotically for large Grashof number to a potential flow that allows the flow induced by the flame and along the upstream surface of the fuel bed to be calculated. Gas-phase temperature and velocity predictions are compared to experiment, and although analysis of the gas phase is emphasized, an approximate spread rate, based on a solid-phase energy balance, is calculated.
    Keywords: INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Solid Surface Combustion at Reduced Gravity (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-03
    Description: The spread of a flame in the gas over the surface of a solid combustible involves in an essential way the transfer of heat from the flame to the solid fuel immediately ahead of it. This heat transfer is affected by the character of the gas phase flame, and so the phenomenon of flame spreading under reduced gravity, in which the flow is generated by gasification of the solid combustible, is apt to be different from what occurs under the Earth's normal gravitational acceleration where the flow is largely buoyancy driven. An experiment is being designed for the Middeck of the Space Shuttle to aid us in understanding the process of flame spreading in the absence of a buoyancy driven flow. A chamber approximately 0.35 cu.m. in volume is to contain either a thin sample of a cellulosic material or a thick sample of polymethyl-methacrylate and an oxidizing environment of O2 and N2. Samples will be ignited at one end, and the ensuing flame spread will be filmed. The spread rate can be determined from the films, and surface and gas-phase temperatures just above the surface will also be recorded. These data will help to clarify the mechanism of forward heat transfer in the low gravity flames.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Microgravity Sci. and Appl. Program Tasks; p 181
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    The solid surface combustion Space Shuttle experiment hardware description and ground-based test results (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Lewis Research Center is developing a series of microgravity combustion experiments for the Space Shuttle. The Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE) is the first to be completed. SSCE will study flame spreading over thermally thin fuels (ashless filter paper) under microgravity conditions. The flight hardware consists of a combustion chamber containing the sample and a computer which takes the data and controls the experiment. Experimental data will include gas-phase and solid-phase temperature measurements and motion pictures of the combustion process. Flame spread rates will be determined from the motion pictures.
    Keywords: MATERIALS PROCESSING
    Type: AIAA PAPER 89-0503
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Correlating downward flame spread rates for thick fuel beds (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Flame spread rates are presented for polymethylmethacrylate fuel beds as a function of gravitational acceleration and ambient pressure and oxygen concentration. The data are correlated by plotting a dimensionless spread rate that is a measure of the heat transferred forward of the flame, required to sustain the flame, compared to the maximum possible forward heat transfer against a Damkoehler number. The latter parameter indicates the approach of the flame to its maximum temperature, where the maximum possible forward heat transfer occurs, such that the dimensionless spread rate approaches unity at large Damkoehler number. Surface regression effects on the flame spread process are incorporated into the dimensionless spread rate, and the final correlation is independent of bed thickness.
    Keywords: INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
    Type: Combustion Science and Technology (ISSN 0010-2202); 32; 1-4; 1983
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Buoyancy effects on flames spreading down thermally thin fuels (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Experiments show that buoyancy influences the downward spread rate of flames consuming thermally thin fuel beds. For index cards (0.0098 cm half-thickness) and adding-machine tape (0.0043 cm half-thickness), an increase in the buoyancy level causes the spread rate to drop until no flame propagation is possible. A dimensionless spread rate is found to correlate with a Damkoehler number. As the Damkoehler number increases with decreasing buoyancy level brought about by an increase in pressure or a decrease in gravity, the dimensionless spread rate approaches unity. It is also found that a small change in orientation with respect to the vertical is equivalent to a change in the magnitude of gravity in the direction of spread, and power-law relations between the dimensional spread rate and pressure are only valid over a small pressure range.
    Keywords: INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
    Type: Combustion and Flame; 37; Jan. 198
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Gravitational effects on flames spreading over thick solid surfaces (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A theoretical model for the downward spread of a flame in the gas over a semi-infinitely thick fuel bed is presented. Gas-phase chemistry is assumed to proceed at an infinite rate while the fuel bed is taken to pyrolyze at the surface in an Arrhenius fashion. Spread rates and flame shapes are computed for two different ambient oxygen concentrations for gravitational accelerations both below and above that of the earth. Predicted spread rates decrease and actual flame size increases with decreasing gravity. Results agree favorably with available, experimental results and expected results from reduced gravity experimentation.
    Keywords: INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
    Type: IAF PAPER 84-154
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    A transformation of the boundary layer equations for free convection past a vertical flat plate with arbitrary blowing and wall temperature variations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A transformation of the laminar boundary layer equations, similar to the transformation of Kao et al. (1977), is presented which allows arbitrary distributions of both wall temperature and blowing. The procedure yields constant boundary conditions, but variable coefficients appear in the differential equations. The proposed transformation is applicable to the problem of downward burning of vertical pieces of condensed-phase combustibles.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer; 23; Sept
    Format: text
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