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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical methods of operations research 8 (1964), S. 53-64 
    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les problèmes d'ordonnancement présentent des aspects très divers, mais ils concernent toujours la recherche de la réalisation optimum, par rapport à un critère donné bien entendu, d'un certain nombre de tâches liées entre elles par des contraintes qui sont exprimées pratiquement sous forme de relations d'ordre: antériorité, postériorité, simultanéité. Il est possible de faire une classification de ces problèmes à partir des caractéristiques de ces tâches et de ces relations d'ordre. La durée de réalisation d'une tâche donnée est en effet une constante ou une quantité variable selon que l'on peut ou non faire varier les effectifs des moyens mis en oeuvre pour réaliser cette tâche. De la même façon, les relations d'ordre peuvent être entièrement imposées ou une partie d'entre elles peut constituer une des inconnues du problème. L'utilisation des concepts et des résultats de la théorie des graphes pour de tels problèmes est toujours très intéressante. Cette utilisation est particulièrement remarquable dans le cas le plus simple, mais cependant fréquent, où la durée des tâches et les relations d'ordre sont fixées. Des algorithmes simples conduisent très rapidement à la solution optimum soit manuellement soit sur calculateur électronique. De tels problèmes peuvent être exprimés aussi sous la forme de programmes linéaires, mais l'ampleur de ces programmes conduirait à des temps de calcul très longs dans les cas favorables où les capacités des calculateurs actuels ne sont pas dépassées. De ce parallélisme entre certains types de programmes linéaires et leur transposition sous forme de graphes il résulte qu'inversement des programmes linéaires dont le support concret n'a rien à voir avec des problèmes d'ordonnancement peuvent être résolus très rapidement par les algorithmes précédents.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Reihenfolgeprobleme, wie verschiedenartig sie auch sein mögen, enthalten immer die gleiche Grundaufgabe: den nach einem gegebenen Kriterium günstigsten Durchführungsweg zu finden für mehrere zu verrichtende Arbeiten, die untereinander durch Anordnungsbedingungen gebunden sind. Je nachdem, ob man die Aufsführungsdauer einer Arbeit durch Veränderungen im Personal-, Material- und Arbeitsmitteleinsatz variieren kann oder nicht und ob alle Anordnungsbedingungen festgelegt oder zum Teil unbekannt sind, kann man mehrere Problemtypen unterscheiden. Bei Problemen dieser Art kann man die Begriffe und Ergebnisse der Graphentheorie vorteilhaft anwenden, ganz besonders im einfachsten und häufigsten Fall, wo Dauer und Reihenfolge der Arbeiten festgelegt sind. Mit Hilfe einfacher Algorithmen errechnet man sehr schnell — mit oder ohne elektronische Rechenanlagen — die günstigste Lösung. Solche Probleme können auch in Form von linearen Programmen ausgedrückt und gelöst werden, nur würde die Kapazität der heutigen Rechenanlagen nur in den günstigsten Fällen ausreichen, und auch dann wären die Rechenzeiten viel zu lang. Umgekehrt kann man gewisse Typen linearer Programme, die an sich mit Reihenfolgeproblemen nichts zu tun haben, in Graphen transponieren und mit Hilfe einfacher Algorithmen schnell lösen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1964-06-01
    Print ISSN: 1432-2994
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-5217
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: Natural peatlands are important carbon sinks and sources of methane (CH4). In contrast, drained peatlands turn from a carbon sink to a carbon source and potentially emit nitrous oxide (N2O). Rewetting of peatlands thus implies climate change mitigation. However, data about the time span that is needed for the re-establishment of the carbon sink function by restoration is scarce. We therefore investigated the annual greenhouse gas (GHG) balances of three differently vegetated bog sites 30 years after rewetting. All three vegetation communities turned out to be sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) ranging between 0.6 ± 1.43 t CO2 ha-2 yr-1 (Sphagnum-dominated vegetation) and 3.09 ± 3.86 t CO2 ha-2 yr-1 (vegetation dominated by heath). While accounting for the different global warming potential (GWP) of the three greenhouse gases, the annual GHG balance was calculated. Emissions ranged between 25 and 53 t CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1 and were dominated by large emissions of CH4 (22 up to 51 t CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1), while highest rates were found at purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea) stands. These are to our knowledge the highest CH4 emissions so far reported for bog ecosystems in temperate Europe. As the restored area was subject to large fluctuations in water table, we conclude that the high CH4 emission rates were caused by a combination of both the temporal inundation of the easily decomposable plant litter of this grass species and the plant-mediated transport through its tissues. In addition, as a result of the land use history, the mixed soil material can serve as an explanation. With regards to the long time span passed since rewetting, we note that the initial increase in CH4 emissions due to rewetting as described in the literature is not limited to a short-term period.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2015-07-28
    Description: Natural peatlands are important carbon sinks and sources of methane (CH4). In contrast, drained peatlands turn from a carbon sink to a carbon source and potentially emit nitrous oxide (N2O). Rewetting of peatlands thus potentially implies climate change mitigation. However, data about the time span that is needed for the re-establishment of the carbon sink function by restoration are scarce. We therefore investigated the annual greenhouse gas (GHG) balances of three differently vegetated sites of a bog ecosystem 30 years after rewetting. All three vegetation communities turned out to be sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) ranging between 0.6 ± 1.43 t CO2 ha−2 yr−1 (Sphagnum-dominated vegetation) and 3.09 ± 3.86 t CO2 ha−2 yr−1 (vegetation dominated by heath). While accounting for the different global warming potential (GWP) of CO2, CH4 and N2O, the annual GHG balance was calculated. Emissions ranged between 25 and 53 t CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1 and were dominated by large emissions of CH4 (22–51 t CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1), with highest rates found at purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea) stands. These are to our knowledge the highest CH4 emissions so far reported for bog ecosystems in temperate Europe. As the restored area was subject to large fluctuations in the water table, we assume that the high CH4 emission rates were caused by a combination of both the temporal inundation of the easily decomposable plant litter of purple moor grass and the plant-mediated transport through its tissues. In addition, as a result of the land use history, mixed soil material due to peat extraction and refilling can serve as an explanation. With regards to the long time span passed since rewetting, we note that the initial increase in CH4 emissions due to rewetting as described in the literature is not inevitably limited to a short-term period.
    Print ISSN: 1726-4170
    Electronic ISSN: 1726-4189
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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