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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduced transmitter release conferred by mutations in theslowpoke-encoded Ca2+-activated K+ channel gene ofDrosophila (1996)
    Springer
    Invertebrate neuroscience 2 (1996), S. 51-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-1104
    Keywords: slowpoke ; potassium channels ; synaptic transmission ; Drosophila ; excitable membranes ; genetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Potassium channels control the repolarization of nerve terminals and thus play important roles in the control of synaptic transmission. Here we describe the effects of mutations in theslowpoke gene, which is the structural gene for a calcium activated potassium channel, on transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction inDrosophila melanogaster. Surprisingly, we find that theslowpoke mutant exhibits reduced transmitter release compared to normal. Similarly, theslowpoke mutation significantly suppresses the increased transmitter release conferred either by a mutation inShaker or by application of 4-aminopyridine, which blocks theShaker-encoded potassium channel at theDrosophila nerve terminal. Furthermore, theslowpoke mutation suppresses the striking increase in transmitter release that occurs following application of 4-aminopyridine to theether a go-go mutant. This suppression is most likely the result of a reduction of Ca2+ influx into the nerve terminal in theslowpoke mutant. We hypothesize that the effects of theslowpoke mutation are indirect, perhaps resulting from increased Ca2+ channel inactivation, decreased Na+ or Ca2+ channel localization or gene expression, or by increases in the expression or activity of potassium channels distinct fromslowpoke.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02336660
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    T Cell Activation Thresholds are Affected by Gravitational (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: T cells stimulated in space flight by various mitogenic signals show a dramatic reduction in proliferation and expression of early activation markers. Similar results are also obtained in a ground based model of microgravity, clinorotation, which provides a vector-averaged reduction of the apparent gravity on cells without significant shear force. Here we demonstrate that T cell inhibition is due to an increase in the required threshold for activation. Dose response curves indicate that cells activated during clinorotation require higher stimulation to achieve the same level of activation, as measured by CD69 expression. Interleukin 2 receptor expression, and DNA synthesis. The amount of stimulation necessary for 50% activation is 5 fold in the clinostat relative to static. Correlation of TCR internalization with activation also exhibit a dramatic right shift in clinorotation, demonstrating unequivocally that signal transduction mechanism independent of TCR triggering account for the increased activation threshold. Previous results from space flight experiments are consistent with the dose response curves obtained for clinorotation. Activation thresholds are important aspects of T cell memory, autoimmunity and tolerance Clinorotation is a useful, noninvasive tool for the study of cellular and biochemical event regulating T cell activation threshold and the effects of gravitation forces on these systems.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: 28th Annual Autumn Immunology Conference; Nov 19, 1999 - Nov 21, 1999; Chicago, IL; United States
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    T Lymphocyte Activation Threshold is Increased in Reduced Gravity (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: There have been substantial advances in molecular and cellular biology that have provided new insight into the biochemical and genetic basis of lymphocyte recognition, activation and expression of distinct functional phenotypes. It has now become evident that for both T and B cells, stimuli delivered through their receptors can result in either clonal expansion or apoptosis. In the case of T cells, clonal expansion of helper cells is accompanied by differentiation into two major functional subsets which regulate the immune response. The pathways between the membrane and the nucleus and their molecular components are an area of very active investigation. This meeting will draw together scientists working on diverse aspects of this problem, including receptor ligand interactions, intracellular pathways that transmit receptor mediated signals and the effect of such signal transduction pathways on gene regulation. The aim of this meeting is to integrate the information from these various experimental approaches into a new synthesis and molecular explanation of T cell activation, differentiation and death.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Jan 28, 2000 - Feb 03, 2000; Keystone, CO; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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