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  • 1
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    Structural basis for action by diverse antidepressants on biogenic amine transporters (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-15
    Description: The biogenic amine transporters (BATs) regulate endogenous neurotransmitter concentrations and are targets for a broad range of therapeutic agents including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Because eukaryotic BATs are recalcitrant to crystallographic analysis, our understanding of the mechanism of these inhibitors and antidepressants is limited. LeuT is a bacterial homologue of BATs and has proven to be a valuable paradigm for understanding relationships between their structure and function. However, because only approximately 25% of the amino acid sequence of LeuT is in common with that of BATs, and as LeuT is a promiscuous amino acid transporter, it does not recapitulate the pharmacological properties of BATs. Indeed, SSRIs and TCAs bind in the extracellular vestibule of LeuT and act as non-competitive inhibitors of transport. By contrast, multiple studies demonstrate that both TCAs and SSRIs are competitive inhibitors for eukaryotic BATs and bind to the primary binding pocket. Here we engineered LeuT to harbour human BAT-like pharmacology by mutating key residues around the primary binding pocket. The final LeuBAT mutant binds the SSRI sertraline with a binding constant of 18 nM and displays high-affinity binding to a range of SSRIs, SNRIs and a TCA. We determined 12 crystal structures of LeuBAT in complex with four classes of antidepressants. The chemically diverse inhibitors have a remarkably similar mode of binding in which they straddle transmembrane helix (TM) 3, wedge between TM3/TM8 and TM1/TM6, and lock the transporter in a sodium- and chloride-bound outward-facing open conformation. Together, these studies define common and simple principles for the action of SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs on BATs.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3904662/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3904662/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Hui -- Goehring, April -- Wang, Kevin H -- Penmatsa, Aravind -- Ressler, Ryan -- Gouaux, Eric -- R37 MH070039/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Nov 7;503(7474):141-5. doi: 10.1038/nature12648. Epub 2013 Oct 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24121440" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Binding, Competitive/drug effects ; Biogenic Amines/*metabolism ; Chlorides/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Mazindol/metabolism/pharmacology ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Norepinephrine/metabolism ; *Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins/antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Conformation/drug effects ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Reproducibility of Results ; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Sertraline/metabolism/pharmacology ; Sodium/metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    X-ray structure of dopamine transporter elucidates antidepressant mechanism (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: Antidepressants targeting Na(+)/Cl(-)-coupled neurotransmitter uptake define a key therapeutic strategy to treat clinical depression and neuropathic pain. However, identifying the molecular interactions that underlie the pharmacological activity of these transport inhibitors, and thus the mechanism by which the inhibitors lead to increased synaptic neurotransmitter levels, has proven elusive. Here we present the crystal structure of the Drosophila melanogaster dopamine transporter at 3.0 A resolution bound to the tricyclic antidepressant nortriptyline. The transporter is locked in an outward-open conformation with nortriptyline wedged between transmembrane helices 1, 3, 6 and 8, blocking the transporter from binding substrate and from isomerizing to an inward-facing conformation. Although the overall structure of the dopamine transporter is similar to that of its prokaryotic relative LeuT, there are multiple distinctions, including a kink in transmembrane helix 12 halfway across the membrane bilayer, a latch-like carboxy-terminal helix that caps the cytoplasmic gate, and a cholesterol molecule wedged within a groove formed by transmembrane helices 1a, 5 and 7. Taken together, the dopamine transporter structure reveals the molecular basis for antidepressant action on sodium-coupled neurotransmitter symporters and elucidates critical elements of eukaryotic transporter structure and modulation by lipids, thus expanding our understanding of the mechanism and regulation of neurotransmitter uptake at chemical synapses.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3904663/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3904663/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Penmatsa, Aravind -- Wang, Kevin H -- Gouaux, Eric -- R37 MH070039/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Nov 7;503(7474):85-90. doi: 10.1038/nature12533. Epub 2013 Sep 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 South West Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2].〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24037379" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry ; Binding Sites ; Cholesterol/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*chemistry ; Ions/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Nortriptyline/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Stability ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Neurotransmitter and psychostimulant recognition by the dopamine transporter (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-15
    Description: Na(+)/Cl(-)-coupled biogenic amine transporters are the primary targets of therapeutic and abused drugs, ranging from antidepressants to the psychostimulants cocaine and amphetamines, and to their cognate substrates. Here we determine X-ray crystal structures of the Drosophila melanogaster dopamine transporter (dDAT) bound to its substrate dopamine, a substrate analogue 3,4-dichlorophenethylamine, the psychostimulants d-amphetamine and methamphetamine, or to cocaine and cocaine analogues. All ligands bind to the central binding site, located approximately halfway across the membrane bilayer, in close proximity to bound sodium and chloride ions. The central binding site recognizes three chemically distinct classes of ligands via conformational changes that accommodate varying sizes and shapes, thus illustrating molecular principles that distinguish substrates from inhibitors in biogenic amine transporters.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4469479/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4469479/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Kevin H -- Penmatsa, Aravind -- Gouaux, Eric -- F32 MH093120/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 DA018165/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P50DA018165/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R37 MH070039/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 May 21;521(7552):322-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14431. Epub 2015 May 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. ; 1] Vollum Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25970245" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antidepressive Agents/chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/chemistry/*metabolism ; Chlorides/metabolism ; Cocaine/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dextroamphetamine/chemistry/metabolism ; Dopamine/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*chemistry ; Ligands ; Methamphetamine/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Conformation ; Neurotransmitter Agents/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phenethylamines/metabolism ; Protein Stability ; Sodium/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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