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  • 1
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    Understanding mechanisms underlying human gene expression variation with RNA sequencing (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-03-12
    Description: Understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying natural variation in gene expression is a central goal of both medical and evolutionary genetics, and studies of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) have become an important tool for achieving this goal. Although all eQTL studies so far have assayed messenger RNA levels using expression microarrays, recent advances in RNA sequencing enable the analysis of transcript variation at unprecedented resolution. We sequenced RNA from 69 lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from unrelated Nigerian individuals that have been extensively genotyped by the International HapMap Project. By pooling data from all individuals, we generated a map of the transcriptional landscape of these cells, identifying extensive use of unannotated untranslated regions and more than 100 new putative protein-coding exons. Using the genotypes from the HapMap project, we identified more than a thousand genes at which genetic variation influences overall expression levels or splicing. We demonstrate that eQTLs near genes generally act by a mechanism involving allele-specific expression, and that variation that influences the inclusion of an exon is enriched within and near the consensus splice sites. Our results illustrate the power of high-throughput sequencing for the joint analysis of variation in transcription, splicing and allele-specific expression across individuals.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089435/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089435/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pickrell, Joseph K -- Marioni, John C -- Pai, Athma A -- Degner, Jacob F -- Engelhardt, Barbara E -- Nkadori, Everlyne -- Veyrieras, Jean-Baptiste -- Stephens, Matthew -- Gilad, Yoav -- Pritchard, Jonathan K -- GM077959/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- MH084703-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM077959/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM077959-05/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH084703/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH084703-02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 1;464(7289):768-72. doi: 10.1038/nature08872. Epub 2010 Mar 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, USA. pickrell@uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20220758" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Alleles ; Consensus Sequence/genetics ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Exons/genetics ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation/*genetics ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Humans ; Nigeria ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics ; RNA Splice Sites/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/*analysis/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Transcription, Genetic/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    DNase I sensitivity QTLs are a major determinant of human expression variation (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-07
    Description: The mapping of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) has emerged as an important tool for linking genetic variation to changes in gene regulation. However, it remains difficult to identify the causal variants underlying eQTLs, and little is known about the regulatory mechanisms by which they act. Here we show that genetic variants that modify chromatin accessibility and transcription factor binding are a major mechanism through which genetic variation leads to gene expression differences among humans. We used DNase I sequencing to measure chromatin accessibility in 70 Yoruba lymphoblastoid cell lines, for which genome-wide genotypes and estimates of gene expression levels are also available. We obtained a total of 2.7 billion uniquely mapped DNase I-sequencing (DNase-seq) reads, which allowed us to produce genome-wide maps of chromatin accessibility for each individual. We identified 8,902 locations at which the DNase-seq read depth correlated significantly with genotype at a nearby single nucleotide polymorphism or insertion/deletion (false discovery rate = 10%). We call such variants 'DNase I sensitivity quantitative trait loci' (dsQTLs). We found that dsQTLs are strongly enriched within inferred transcription factor binding sites and are frequently associated with allele-specific changes in transcription factor binding. A substantial fraction (16%) of dsQTLs are also associated with variation in the expression levels of nearby genes (that is, these loci are also classified as eQTLs). Conversely, we estimate that as many as 55% of eQTL single nucleotide polymorphisms are also dsQTLs. Our observations indicate that dsQTLs are highly abundant in the human genome and are likely to be important contributors to phenotypic variation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3501342/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3501342/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Degner, Jacob F -- Pai, Athma A -- Pique-Regi, Roger -- Veyrieras, Jean-Baptiste -- Gaffney, Daniel J -- Pickrell, Joseph K -- De Leon, Sherryl -- Michelini, Katelyn -- Lewellen, Noah -- Crawford, Gregory E -- Stephens, Matthew -- Gilad, Yoav -- Pritchard, Jonathan K -- HG006123/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- MH084703/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH090951/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG006123/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG006123-01/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG006123-02/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH090951/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH090951-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH090951-02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Feb 5;482(7385):390-4. doi: 10.1038/nature10808.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22307276" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromatin/genetics/metabolism ; *DNA Footprinting ; Deoxyribonuclease I/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation/*genetics ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Genome, Human/genetics ; Humans ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Quantitative Trait Loci/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Regulatory element copy number differences shape primate expression profiles (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-07-13
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 4
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    Deciphering the genetic architecture of variation in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-01-10
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 5
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    The combination of a genome-wide association study of lymphocyte count and analysis of gene expression data reveals novel asthma candidate genes (2012)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-12
    Description: Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a number of novel genetic associations with complex human diseases. In spite of these successes, results from GWAS generally explain only a small proportion of disease heritability, an observation termed the ‘missing heritability problem’. Several sources for the missing heritability have been proposed, including the contribution of many common variants with small individual effect sizes, which cannot be reliably found using the standard GWAS approach. The goal of our study was to explore a complimentary approach, which combines GWAS results with functional data in order to identify novel genetic associations with small effect sizes. To do so, we conducted a GWAS for lymphocyte count, a physiologic quantitative trait associated with asthma, in 462 Hutterites. In parallel, we performed a genome-wide gene expression study in lymphoblastoid cell lines from 96 Hutterites. We found significant support for genetic associations using the GWAS data when we considered variants near the 193 genes whose expression levels across individuals were most correlated with lymphocyte counts. Interestingly, these variants are also enriched with signatures of an association with asthma susceptibility, an observation we were able to replicate. The associated loci include genes previously implicated in asthma susceptibility as well as novel candidate genes enriched for functions related to T cell receptor signaling and adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Our results, therefore, establish a new set of asthma susceptibility candidate genes. More generally, our observations support the notion that many loci of small effects influence variation in lymphocyte count and asthma susceptibility.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    Deciphering the genetic architecture of variation in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection [Genetics] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-01-25
    Description: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem. One-third of the world's population is estimated to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the etiological agent causing TB, and active disease kills nearly 2 million individuals worldwide every year. Several lines of evidence indicate that interindividual variation in susceptibility to TB has a heritable component, yet we still know little about the underlying genetic architecture. To address this, we performed a genome-wide mapping study of loci that are associated with functional variation in immune response to MTB. Specifically, we characterized transcript and protein expression levels and mapped expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in primary dendritic cells (DCs) from 65 individuals, before and after infection with MTB. We found 198 response eQTL, namely loci that were associated with variation in gene expression levels in either untreated or MTB-infected DCs, but not both. These response eQTL are associated with natural regulatory variation that likely affects (directly or indirectly) host interaction with MTB. Indeed, when we integrated our data with results from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for pulmonary TB, we found that the response eQTL were more likely to be genetically associated with the disease. We thus identified a number of candidate loci, including the MAPK phosphatase DUSP14 in particular, that are promising susceptibility genes to pulmonary TB.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 7
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    Copy number differences shape gene expression [Genetics] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-08-01
    Description: Gene expression differences are shaped by selective pressures and contribute to phenotypic differences between species. We identified 964 copy number differences (CNDs) of conserved sequences across three primate species and examined their potential effects on gene expression profiles. Samples with copy number different genes had significantly different expression than samples with neutral copy number. Genes encoding regulatory molecules differed in copy number and were associated with significant expression differences. Additionally, we identified 127 CNDs that were processed pseudogenes and some of which were expressed. Furthermore, there were copy number-different regulatory regions such as ultraconserved elements and long intergenic noncoding RNAs with the potential to affect expression. We postulate that CNDs of these conserved sequences fine-tune developmental pathways by altering the levels of RNA.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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