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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Advanced GNSS Tropospheric Products for Monitoring Severe Weather Events and Climate : COST Action ES1206 Final Action Dissemination Report (2020)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing :
    Details
    Keywords: Physical geography. ; Atmospheric science. ; Earth System Sciences. ; Atmospheric Science.
    Description / Table of Contents: Preface -- Chapter 1. Scientific Background (J. Jones) -- Chapter 2. General Background (J. Jones, G. Guerova, J. Douša, G. Dick, S. de Haan, E. Pottiaux, O. Bock, R. Pacione and H. Vedel) -- Chapter 3. Advanced GNSS Processing Techniques (Working Group 1) (Y. Altiner, F. Alshawaf, J. Bosy, H. Brenot, E. Brockmann, R. Brožková, Z. Deng, G. Dick, W. Ding, J. Douša, K. Eben, M. Eliaš, R. Fernandes, Ganas, Geiger, G. Guerova, T. Hadaś, Hill, P. Hordyniec, F. Hurter, J. Jones, M. Kačmařík, K. Kaźmierski, J. Kaplon, P. Krč, Landskron, X. Li, Lu, J.P. Martins, G. Möller, L. Morel, G. Ófeigsson, R. Pacione, Pikridas, Pottiaux, J. Resler, W. Rohm, Sá, J. Sammer, T. Simeonov, W. Söhne, Stoycheva, Stürze, R. Szabolcs, N. Teferle, S. Thorsteinsson, P. Václavovic, H. Valentim, van Schaeybroeck, P. Viterbo, K. Wilgan, L. Yang, L. Zhao, N. Zinas and Zus) -- Chapter 4. Use of GNSS Tropospheric Products for High-Resolution, Rapid-Update NWP and Severe Weather Forecasting (Working Group 2) (J. S. Arriola, M. Bender, J. Berckmans, H. Brenot, C. Bruyninx, L. De Cruz, S. de Haan, G. Dick, N. Dymarska, K. Eben, G. Guerova, J. Jones, P. Krč, M. Lindskog, M. Mile, G. Möller, N. Penov, E. Pottiaux, J. Resler, W. Rohm, M. Slavchev, K. Stoev, Stoycheva, E. Trzcina and F. Zus) -- Chapter 5. Use of GNSS Tropospheric Products for Climate Monitoring (Working Group 3) (F. Ahmed, Araszkiewicz, Z. Bałdysz, K. Balidakis, Barroso, S. Bastin, S. Beirle, J. Berckmans, O. Bock, J. Böhm, J. Bogusz, M. Bos, E. Brockmann, M. Cadeddu, Chimani, J. Douša, G. Elgered, M. Eliaš, R. Fernandes, M. Figurski, E Fionda, M. Gruszczynska, G. Guerova, J. Guijarro, Hackman, R. Heinkelmann, J. Jones, S. Zengin Kazancı, Klos, Landskron, J.P. Martins, V. Mattioli, Mircheva, S. Nahmani, R T. Nilsson, T. Ning, Nykiel, R. Pacione, Parracho, E. Pottiaux, Ramos, P. Rebischung, Sá, Schuh, Stankunavicius, K. Stępniak, Valentim, R. Van Malderen, P. Viterbo, P. Willis and Xaver) -- Chapter 6. National Status Reports (Guergana Guerova) -- Chapter 7. STSM Reports (Guergana Guerova) -- Appendix.
    Abstract: The book (COST Action Final report) summarises the proceedings from COST Action ES1206. COST Action ES1206, Advanced GNSS Tropospheric Products for Severe Weather Events and Climate (GNSS4SWEC), was a 4-year project, running from 2013 to 2017, which coordinated new and improved capabilities from concurrent developments in GNSS, meteorological and climate communities. For the first time, the synergy of multi-GNSS constellations was used to develop new, more advanced tropospheric products, exploiting the full potential of multi-GNSS on a wide range of temporal and spatial scales - from real-time products monitoring and forecasting severe weather, to the highest quality post-processed products suitable for climate research. The Action also promoted the use of meteorological data as an input to real-time GNSS positioning, navigation, and timing services and has stimulated knowledge and data transfer throughout Europe and beyond. .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: XXI, 563 p. 290 illus., 270 illus. in color. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2020.
    ISBN: 9783030139018
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13901-8
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13901-8
    DDC: 550
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Observing Boundary-Layer Winds from Hot-Air Balloon Flights (2016)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-23
    Description: High-resolution upper-air wind observations are sparse, and additional observations are a welcome source of meteorological information. In this paper the potential of applying balloon flights for upper-air wind measurements is explored, and the meteorological content of this information is investigated. The displacement of a hot-air balloon is a measure for the wind speed and direction and thus a potential source for wind observations in the lower part of the troposphere. The response time of the balloon on the changing wind is fast in the beginning and levels off for smaller relative wind speeds. Four case studies are presented, and the balloon-derived winds are compared with other wind observations and with results from the HIRLAM–ALADIN Research on Mesoscale Operational NWP in Europe (HARMONIE) model. It turns out that hot-air balloon tracks can indeed produce useful wind observations just above and in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL).
    Print ISSN: 0882-8156
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0434
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 3
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    Regional Assimilation System for Transformed Retrievals from Satellite High-Resolution Infrared Data (2020)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-01
    Description: Satellite retrievals strive to exploit the information contained in thousands of channels provided by hyperspectral sensors and show promise in providing a gain in computational efficiency over current radiance assimilation methods by transferring computationally expensive radiative transfer calculations to retrieval providers. This paper describes the implementation of a new approach based on the transformation proposed in 2008 by Migliorini et al., which reduces the impact of the a priori information in the retrievals and generates transformed retrievals (TRs) whose assimilation does not require knowledge of the hyperspectral instruments characteristics. Significantly, the results confirm both the viability of Migliorini’s approach and the possibility of assimilating data from different hyperspectral satellite sensors regardless of the instrument characteristics. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model’s Data Assimilation (WRFDA) 3-h cycling system was tested over the central North Pacific Ocean, and the results show that the assimilation of TRs has a greater impact in the characterization of the water vapor distribution than on the temperature field. These results are consistent with the knowledge that temperature field is well constrained by the initial and boundary conditions of the Global Forecast System (GFS), whereas the water vapor distribution is less well constrained in the GFS. While some preliminary results on the comparison between the assimilation with and without TRs in the forecasting system are presented in this paper, additional work remains to explore the impact of the new assimilation approach on forecasts and will be provided in a follow-up publication.
    Print ISSN: 1558-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-8432
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 4
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    Assimilation of High-Resolution Mode-S Wind and Temperature Observations in a Regional NWP Model for Nowcasting Applications (2012)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-01
    Description: In this paper the beneficial impacts of high-resolution (in space and time) wind and temperature observations from aircraft on very short-range numerical weather forecasting are presented. The observations are retrieved using the tracking and ranging radar from the air traffic control facility at Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. This enhanced surveillance radar tracks all aircraft in sight every 4 s, generating one million wind and temperature observations per day in a radius of 270 km around the radar. Nowcasting applications will benefit from improved three-dimensional wind fields. When these observations are assimilated into a numerical model with an hourly update cycle, the short-range three-dimensional wind field forecasts match the observations better than those from an operational forecast cycle, which is updated every 3 h. The positive impact on wind in the first hours of the forecast gradually turns into a neutral impact, when compared to other wind and temperature observations. The timeliness of the forecasts combined with the high resolution of the observations are the main reasons for the observed nowcasting benefits. All in all, the assimilation of high-resolution wind (and temperature) observations is found to be beneficial for nowcasting and short-range forecasts up to 2–3 h.
    Print ISSN: 0882-8156
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0434
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 5
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    Impact of ASCAT Scatterometer Wind Observations on the High-Resolution Limited-Area Model (HIRLAM) within an Operational Context (2013)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-01
    Description: Denial experiments, also denoted observing system experiments (OSEs), are used to determine the impact of an observing system on the forecast quality of a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. When the impact is neutral or positive, new observations from this observing system may be admitted to an operational forecasting system based on that NWP model. A drawback of the method applied in most denial experiments is that it neglects the operational time constraint on the delivery of observations. In a 10-week twin experiment with the operational High-Resolution Limited-Area Model (HIRLAM) at KNMI, the impact of additional ocean surface wind observations from the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) on the forecast quality of the model has been verified under operational conditions. In the experiment, the operational model was used as reference, parallel to an augmented system in which the ASCAT winds were assimilated actively. Objective verification of the forecast with independent wind observations from moored buoys and ASCAT winds revealed a slight improvement in forecast skill as measured by a decrease in observation-minus-forecast standard deviation in the wind components for the short range (up to 24 h). A subjective analysis in a case study showed a realistic deepening of a low pressure system over the North Atlantic near the coast of Ireland through the assimilation of scatterometer data that were verified with radiosonde observations over Ireland. Based on these results, the decision was made to include ASCAT in operations at the next upgrade of the forecasting system.
    Print ISSN: 0882-8156
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0434
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 6
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    Cloud Initialization in the Rapid Update Cycle of HIRLAM (2014)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-01
    Description: The Nowcasting Satellite Application Facility (NWC SAF) cloud mask from the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite is introduced in the initialization step of an hourly Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) of the High Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM). MSG cloud-top temperatures and synoptic cloud-base height information are combined at analysis time. This cloud initialization scheme is applied to an experimental run, which is a copy of the operational Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute [Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut (KNMI)] RUC model. The experimental run was employed during the period June–December 2011. The RUC model has a forecast length of 6 h. Cloud cover forecasts are verified against MSG cloud cover information and synoptic observations. Forecasts of precipitation, surface pressure, 2-m temperature, and upper-air temperature are verified against synoptic observations and aircraft temperature observations. It is shown that including MSG cloud information in the RUC considerably improves the forecasts of most of these model fields, when compared to the operational control RUC. Both the bias and standard deviation of the errors of the cloud cover forecast are reduced substantially. Forecasts of light precipitation show a slight negative impact, but forecasts of heavy precipitation become better. The bias in 3D temperature fields disappears nearly completely. The error bias of 2-m temperatures has become larger. Two case studies are presented. The first case study had very good forecast performance with respect to low clouds when compared to the reference run. The second case study shows an ambiguous impact; there are still some deficiencies in the cloud initialization and cloud forecast when focusing on a single location.
    Print ISSN: 0882-8156
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0434
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 7
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    Real-Time Water Vapor Maps from a GPS Surface Network: Construction, Validation, and Applications (2009)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2009-07-01
    Description: In this paper the construction of real-time integrated water vapor (IWV) maps from a surface network of global positioning system (GPS) receivers is presented. The IWV maps are constructed using a two-dimensional variational technique with a persistence background that is 15 min old. The background error covariances are determined using a novel two-step method, which is based on the Hollingsworth–Lonnberg method. The quality of these maps is assessed by comparison with radiosonde observations and IWV maps from a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. The analyzed GPS IWV maps have no bias against radiosonde observations and a small bias against NWP analysis and forecasts up to 9 h. The standard deviation with radiosonde observations is around 2 kg m−2, and the standard deviation with NWP increases with increasing forecast length (from 2 kg m−2 for the NWP analysis to 4 kg m−2 for a forecast length of 48 h). To illustrate the additional value of these real-time products for nowcasting, three thunderstorm cases are discussed. The constructed GPS IWV maps are combined with data from the weather radar, a lightning detection network, and surface wind observations. All cases show that the location of developing thunderstorms can be identified 2 h prior to initiation in the convergence of moist air.
    Print ISSN: 1558-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-8432
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 8
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    Measuring Atmospheric Stability with GPS (2006)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-01
    Description: Nowcasting of convective systems plays a crucial role in weather forecasting. The strength of convection depends on the (in)stability of the air column. The stability can be detected by radiosonde observations. However, these observations are not frequent (typically 2 times per day) and are expensive to deploy. In this article a method is presented to detect the stability of the atmosphere based on high-frequency global positioning system (GPS) path-delay observations. The convection parameter derived from these observations is the power of the nonisotropic GPS path-delay signal. Comparisons with the convective available potential energy obtained from radiosonde observations show a correlation with the convection parameter obtained from GPS. This result implies that, because of the continuous availability of GPS estimates and the good land coverage, this method of detecting atmospheric stability may be beneficial to forecasters.
    Print ISSN: 1558-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-8432
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 9
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    Retrieving atmospheric turbulence information from regular commercial aircraft using Mode-S and ADS-B (2016)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-23
    Description: Navigational information broadcast by commercial aircraft in the form of Mode-S EHS (Mode-S Enhanced Surveillance) and ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast) messages can be considered a new source of upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric turbulence estimates. A set of three processing methods is proposed and analysed using a quality record of turbulence encounters made by a research aircraft.The proposed methods are based on processing the vertical acceleration or the background wind into the eddy dissipation rate. Turbulence intensity can be estimated using the standard content of the Mode-S EHS/ADS-B.The results are based on a Mode-S EHS/ADS-B data set generated synthetically based on the transmissions from the research aircraft. This data set was validated using the overlapping record of the Mode-S EHS/ADS-B received from the same research aircraft. The turbulence intensity, meaning the eddy dissipation rate, obtained from the proposed methods based on the Mode-S EHS/ADS-B is compared with the value obtained using on-board accelerometer. The results of the comparison indicate the potential of the methods. The advantages and limitation of the presented approaches are discussed.
    Print ISSN: 1867-1381
    Electronic ISSN: 1867-8548
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 10
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    Review of the state of the art and future prospects of the ground-based GNSS meteorology in Europe (2016)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2016-11-08
    Description: Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) have revolutionised positioning, navigation, and timing, becoming a common part of our everyday life. Aside from these well-known civilian and commercial applications, GNSS is now an established atmospheric observing system, which can accurately sense water vapour, the most abundant greenhouse gas, accounting for 60–70 % of atmospheric warming. In Europe, the application of GNSS in meteorology started roughly two decades ago, and today it is a well-established field in both research and operation. This review covers the state of the art in GNSS meteorology in Europe. The advances in GNSS processing for derivation of tropospheric products, application of GNSS tropospheric products in operational weather prediction and application of GNSS tropospheric products for climate monitoring are discussed. The GNSS processing techniques and tropospheric products are reviewed. A summary of the use of the products for validation and impact studies with operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models as well as very short weather prediction (nowcasting) case studies is given. Climate research with GNSSs is an emerging field of research, but the studies so far have been limited to comparison with climate models and derivation of trends. More than 15 years of GNSS meteorology in Europe has already achieved outstanding cooperation between the atmospheric and geodetic communities. It is now feasible to develop next-generation GNSS tropospheric products and applications that can enhance the quality of weather forecasts and climate monitoring. This work is carried out within COST Action ES1206 advanced global navigation satellite systems tropospheric products for monitoring severe weather events and climate (GNSS4SWEC, http://gnss4swec.knmi.nl).
    Print ISSN: 1867-1381
    Electronic ISSN: 1867-8548
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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