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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical and electrical characterization of Hafnium oxide and Hafnium silicate sputtered films (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 6466-6475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Hafnium oxides and hafnium silicate films were investigated as a possible replacement for the SiO2 gate dielectric. Hafnium oxide films were formed by reactive sputtering from a single Hf oxide target in a predominantly Ar atmosphere containing small additions of oxygen. Hafnium silicates were made by adding a He-diluted silane gas for Si incorporation. By changing the silane gas flow, different Si atomic concentrations were incorporated into the Hf oxide films. Depositions were performed with the substrate held at temperatures of 22 °C and 500 °C. The chemical composition of the films was determined with nuclear techniques. Optical reflectivity was used to measure the optical band gap. The film morphology was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the electrical properties were measured with capacitance–voltage and current–voltage measurements using aluminum gate capacitors. TEM and electrical measurement showed that a SiO2 interfacial layer of about 3 nm formed at the Si interface due to the oxidizing sputter ambient. This precluded the growth of Hf based high-K films with small equivalent thickness. After correction for the interfacial oxide layer, the dielectric constant was found to decrease from about 21 for Hf oxide to about 4–5 for the Hafnium silicates with low Hf content (3 at. % Hf and 32 at. % Si). The optical band gap was found to increase from 5.8 eV for Hf oxide to about 7 eV for the silicate films. After annealing at 1000 °C followed by a 300 °C postmetallization anneal, negligible flat band voltage shift were measured on hafnium silicate films and good interface passivation was observed. However, leakage currents increased due to the high temperature processing. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1417991
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Derivation of Environmental Quality Standards for the Protection of Aquatic Life in the UK (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 13 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The UK has an obligation, under various existing and proposed EU legislation (including the proposed water policy framework Directive), to derive environmental quality standards. These standards form the basis of the UK's pollution control strategy as adopted in national legislation, and the Regulatory Authorities need them as operational standards for setting consents. The paper outlines the procedure which is currently used in the UK for the derivation of these standards for the protection of the aquatic environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01082.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developments in European Water Policy (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Significant changes to the existing European Community (EC) legislation for the protection of the aquatic environment are being contemplated by the EC Commission. In addition, the emphasis on sustainable development in the Fifth EC Environmental Action Programme will focus attention on economic instruments to be applied in support of legislation. The EC eco-labelling and auditing schemes, although voluntary, will lead to more environmentally acceptable products and processes. The paper discusses the likely future EC regulatory system for the protection of the aquatic environment and how the supporting EC initiatives will contribute to environmental improvements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01143.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Use of Economic Instruments for Water Management in Selected EU Member Countries (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 12 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The use of economic instruments for environmental management is being encouraged by the European Commission for the management of water abstractions and effluent discharges. Economic instruments are being applied increasingly by EU Member States to complement the traditional ‘command and control’approach, based on the licensing system. However, the design and the purpose of the charging schemes, and the levels of charges raised in the different EU Member States, vary widely.This paper (a) discusses the use of abstraction and effluent charges applied in France, Germany, The Netherlands, and England & Wales, (b) assesses the impact of the schemes on water abstractions and effluent discharges, and (c) evaluates the feasibility of the application of incentive charging schemes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1998.tb00184.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Red-List Substances: Selection and Monitoring (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 4 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The conference of Ministers representing North Sea littoral states, held in November 1987, agreed certain initiatives to reduce inputs of potentially dangerous substances to the North Sea from land-based sources. The UK Government has responded by proposing reductions of substances on a ‘red list’, selected on the basis of ecotoxicity, persistence, potential for bio-accumulation and estimated concentration in the environment.This paper describes the approaches which have been used in selecting candidate substances for the red list and other priority-setting exercises, highlighting the difficulties presented by the lack of data for individual chemicals and the use of default values.The estimation of input loads via rivers and direct discharges is discussed, with particular reference to monitoring requirements and analytical performance criteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1990.tb01556.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proceedings of IWEM Scientific Section Symposium on Environmental Research in Europe (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 5 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1991.tb00648.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EC Directive on the Control of Dangerous Substances (76/464/EEC): Its Impact on the UK Water Industry (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 3 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper discusses the impact on the UK water industry of EC legislation which has been adopted and proposed for the control of dangerous substances discharged to the aquatic environment. The main impact arises from the increased monitoring needs, requiring more sophisticated analytical equipment and skilled staff, together with the increased administrative burden to produce reduction programmes and to set and control consents for dangerous substances. The paper also summarizes recent initiatives which have been taken by the UK towards a more precautionary approach to pollution control, by requiring that ‘red-list’ substances should be controlled by environmental quality standards and limit values whichever are the more stringent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01416.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffuse Sources of Pollution by Heavy Metals (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 7 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Significant reductions in the amount of heavy metals released to the aquatic environment have been achieved by applying strict controls on point source industrial discharges. Because of these tight controls, diffuse pollution sources have increased in importance as a contribution to the total load. Diffuse inputs originate mainly from the use of chemical products. Thus control of these inputs can be achieved by refraining from or limiting the use of these products or by restricting the amount of heavy metals permitted in such products. Control of diffuse sources of heavy metals could be based on a ‘positive approval’system, permitting only those uses which do not lead to environmental harm and which could not be replaced by less harmful alternatives. Assessing the environmental impact of the alternatives will require the introduction of a ‘cradle to grave’approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1993.tb00880.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water Quality of the North Sea: Concerns and Control Measures (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 6 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The quality of the North Sea has become a topic high on the political agenda. Various claims have been made about quality deterioration but hard evidence has been less available. The paper reviews these concerns, summarizes the scientific evidence and considers the specific contaminants involved, together with estimates of inputs and the available controls. The new initiatives stemming from the Ministerial conferences and the evolving legislation should go a long way towards producing reassurance on the one hand and solutions to real problems on the other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00705.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Holocene age of the Yuha burial: direct radiocarbon determinations by accelerator mass spectrometry (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 308 (1984), S. 446-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Both sides in the Yuha controversy have recognized that resolution of the controversy would require radiocarbon analysis of the bone itself, but this was initially delayed because conventional 14C methods would have required destruction of much of the skeleton5. Subsequently, the theft of the major ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/308446a0
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