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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of hypophosphite contents and surface treatment on electroplated Co-Ni-P thin films : 37th Annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 5575-5577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This article describes the effects of sodium hypophosphite (hypo) content in cobalt nickel sulfate bath, and the duration of surface treatment prior to electroplating, on the magnetic, structural, and electrical properties of Co-Ni-P thin films. The coercivity of the Co-Ni-P layer can be controlled independently either by hypo content or by surface treatment. Transmission electron microscopy microstructure indicates that the width of grain boundaries of Co-Ni-P films is influenced by hypo in the magnetic bath. The mechanism of the coercivity increase by hypo in the bath is thought to result from magnetostatic or exchange decoupling at phosphorus-rich grain boundaries. Effects of these factors on media noise can be well-explained by the microstructural change of Co-Ni-P layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.353655
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large-Area Back-Illuminated CCD Imager Development (1998)
    Springer
    Experimental astronomy 8 (1998), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9508
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe recent work in the area of large, back-illuminated CCD imagers at M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory as well as new technology applicable to astronomy. We completed in 1995 the development of a 2560 x 1960-pixel frame-transfer imager that filled a 100-mm wafer and several back-illuminated versions of this device were completed. More recently we have begun the development, in collaboration with the U. of Hawaii, of a three-side abuttable 2k x 4k CCD for a multi-chip focal plane. In the unused chord area of the wafer layout, we added test imagers as development vehicles for blooming control and for the demonstration of a CCD that is capable of charge transfer in all four directions. We expect the latter to find application as an electronic means of performing tip-tilt correction to compensate for atmospheric turbulence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008040220999
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-temperature oxidation of Fe-24 wt.%Cr (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 437-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-Cr ; oxidation ; kinetics ; oxide morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ferritic polycrystalline Fe-24 wt.% Cr was oxidized in pure oxygen at 190 ≤ T≤490° C and pressures in the range 5.3×10−2–13.3 Pa for periods of up to 5 hr. The reaction proceeded in three stages. An initial period of accelerating rate was accompanied by oxide island nucleation and growth. Following island coalescence the rate was approximately logarithmic at low temperatures and somewhat slower than parabolic at high temperatures. Rate control during this period was thought to be due to mass transport through the oxide grain boundaries left by the island impingement process. During these first two stages the oxide formed was γ-M2O3 with possibly some spinel. The final stage of reaction involved the appearance of α-M2O3 on the outer oxide surface and a substantial slowing of the oxidation rate due to the low diffusivity in this phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605109
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carburization kinetics of heat-resistant steels (1982)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 18 (1982), S. 229-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Austenitic steels ; carburization ; carbon diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A series of 21 commercial austenitic heat-resistant alloys was carburized in H2-C3H6 atmospheres which were reducing to Cr2O3 and SiO2 and which provided a carbon activity of one. Reactions were carried out at 900⩽T⩽1100°C and the resulting depth of carburization was measured metallographically. All alloys showed parabolic carburization kinetics after an initial brief period, at low temperatures, of more rapid reaction. The apparent activation energies for carburization are discussed in terms of carbon solubilities and diffusion coefficients. It is concluded that Wagner's theory of internal oxidation is quantitatively applicable to simple alloys but not to alloys which contain additions of reactive elements. The effectiveness of additions of niobium, aluminum, titanium, and silicon is demonstrated and is discussed in the context of Wagner's theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656570
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of aluminum on the oxidation of 25Cr-35Ni cast steels (1984)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 22 (1984), S. 227-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: internal oxidation ; carbide oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation kinetics and morphological development during reaction of two cast austenitic steels at 1000°C in pure dry oxygen at 20 kPa are reported. Both steels contained approximately 25 wt.% Cr and 35 wt.% Ni and, in addition, one steel contained 3.3 wt. %. Both steels oxidized to form external scales consisting mainly of Cr2O3 with a thin outer layer of manganese rich spinel. Scale growth kinetics were parabolic, and somewhat faster rates were observed for the aluminum bearing steel. In both steels, deep internal oxidation occurred at the site of primary (interdendritic) carbides. The kinetics of this process were parabolic, and rate control was attributed to oxygen diffusion along the interface between internal oxide and matrix metal. In the aluminum-free steel, interdendritic carbides were converted to chromium rich oxide, but when aluminum was present, a sheath of aluminum rich oxide formed around the carbides. In this latter case, the rate of interdendritic penetration was somewhat slower. The aluminum bearing steel also formed large numbers of rod-shaped Al2O3 precipitates within the austenitic dendrites. Deepening of the Al2O3 precipitate zone also proceeded according to parabolic kinetics at a rate consistent with rate control by diffusion of oxygen along the oxide-alloy interfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656577
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The hot-corrosion behavior of novel CO-deposited chromium-modified aluminide coatings (1992)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 38 (1992), S. 407-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: chromium-modified aluminide coatings ; hot corrosion ; pack inclusions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the successful co-deposition of inclusion-free chromiummodified aluminide coatings using a pack-cementation process. The substrate used was the nickel-base superalloy, René 80H. The coatings were of the outward-diffusion type; however, unlike the usual outward-diffusion coatings, the present coatings were relatively free of pack inclusions. The coatings consisted of α-Cr precipitates in a matrix of β-NiAl. The morphology and distribution of the α-Cr precipitates could be adjusted to the extent that two types of coating structures could be obtained. The Type I coating structure contained lamellar α-Cr precipitates situated in the surface region of the coating, whereas the Type II coating structure contained small, spheroidal α-Cr precipitates distributed throughout the outer of a two-layered coating. Both coating types exhibited significantly improved hot-corrosion resistance in a 0.1% SO2-O2 environment at 900°C compared to a commercial aluminide coalting. A study of the corrosion behavior of Type I coatings containing pack inclusions showed that the inclusions were deleterious to the corrosion resistance of the coatings. The corrosion behavior of chromium-aluminide coatings was dependent on both the distribution and amount of α-Cr precipitates in the coating.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665662
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic and morphological development of oxide-sulfide scales on iron at 1073 K (1992)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 37 (1992), S. 281-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfur dioxide ; duplex scales ; gas mixtures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion behavior of pure iron has been investigated at 1073 K in controlled gas atmospheres of SO2-CO2-CO-N2. The equilibrium gas compositions were such that: (1) FeS was stable with respect to FeO, (2) FeO was stable with respect to FeS, and (3) only one of the solids was stable with respect to the gas sulfur and oxygen activities. The resultant scale morphologies are discussed along with the observed parabolic corrosion kinetics. It was shown that duplex (oxide plus sulfide) scales could be produced under all three reaction conditions. Careful adjustment of gas compositions permitted comparisons to be made among sets of experiments having (1) the same $$p_{S_2 }$$ value but different $$p_{SO_2 }$$ and $$p_{O_2 }$$ values, (2) the same $$p_{O_2 }$$ value but different $$p_{SO_2 }$$ , and $$p_{S_2 }$$ values, and (3) the same $$p_{SO_2 }$$ value but different $$p_{S_2 }$$ and $$p_{O_2 }$$ values. In this way it was confirmed that the reactant species was SO2 over a wide range of gas compositions, and under conditions in which solid-state diffusion was rate-controlling. The exception was found at very high $$p_{O_2 }$$ values, where elemental sulfur was the reactant. Catalysis of the reactant gas demonstrated that the results could be affected by the slow approach to equilibrium of the gas phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665192
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfidation behavior of Fe-27Mn-(0-17.3)Mo(a/o) alloys (1993)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 40 (1993), S. 245-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; Fe-Mn-Mo ; FexMo6S8−z ; three-layered scale ; internal sulfidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Iron-base alloys containing ca. 27 a/o (atomic percent) manganese and up to 17.3 a/o molybdenum were sulfidized in H2/H2S gases of 4 Pa sulfur partial pressure at temperatures of 700–1000° C. Three-layered scales developed on all the molybdenum-containing alloys, and an internal sulfidation zone was observed in most cases. The overall scaling process and individual layer growth all followed parabolic kinetics. The outer and intermediate layers comprised Fe(Mn)S and Mn(Fe)S, respectively. Sulfidation rates varied with the morphology and constitution of the inner layer. The reaction product FexMo6S8−z, which was restricted to the inner layer, is permeable to sulfur, iron and manganese, but not molybdenum.For high-molybdenum levels, the overall scaling rate decreased, as a result of the slow diffusion of iron in FexMo6S8−z. For low-molybdenum levels, this beneficial effect is small and outweighed by the formation of an inner two-phase layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664493
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nanocrystallization on the corrosion resistance of K38G superalloy in CO + CO2 atmospheres (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 497-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: corrosion ; CO + CO2 ; K38G alloy ; grain-boundary diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion resistance of the cast superalloy K38G and a sputtered nanocrystalline coating of the same material was investigated in pure CO in the temperature range, 850–1000°C and in CO-20 vol.% CO2 at 900°C. The cast K38G alloy formed Cr2O3 and TiO2 scales, and a zone of internal Al2O3 precipitation. Weight-gain kinetics followed the parabolic rate law under all conditions investigated. The sputtered K38G nanocrystalline coating, however, formed a single-phase Al2O3 scale and no internal-oxidation zone. The parabolic rate constants for nanocrystalline coating oxidation were about one order of magnitude smaller than those of the cast alloy. The changes in reaction morphology and rate are attributed to the more rapid grain-boundary diffusion of aluminum in the nanocrystalline material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02153462
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    “Logarithmic” kinetics in thin film tarnishing (1972)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 5 (1972), S. 241-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A brief review of oxidation theories indicates that no sound theory of general applicability exists for the direct logarithmic tarnishing kinetics attributed to many metals at low temperatures. Data previously cited in support of two stages of direct logarithmic growth are fitted to other better-founded rate laws. On the basis of this analysis, it is concluded that little, if any, justification exists in support of a two-stage direct logarithmic law. Thus,for example, the data for zinc oxidation can be interpreted in terms of the Mott-Cabrera theory, with the resulting kinetic parameters having values in accord with those estimated from the theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609661
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