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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitric Oxide Has an Immunoregulatory Role Other Than Antimicrobial Activity in Legionella pneumophila Infected Macrophages (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 730 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb44286.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Chlamydia pneumoniae infection model using established human lymphocyte cell lines (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 216 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Since current studies indicate possible infection of human lymphocytes with Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) pneumoniae, establishment of an in vitro C. pneumoniae infection model using lymphocyte cell lines was demonstrated. Human lymphoid cell lines (Molt 4 [T-cell] and P3HR1 [B-cell]) were utilized for this purpose besides human monocyte cell line (THP-1) and human epithelial cell line (HEp-2), as a reference of monocyte/macrophage cells and a positive control for support of C. pneumoniae growth, respectively. Both lymphoid cells (Molt 4 and P3HR1) supported the growth of C. pneumoniae as demonstrated by Chlamydia inclusion formation, detection of increased infective progenies and increased bacterial antigen levels. Similar data were obtained using monocyte THP-1 cells. However, the bacterial growth in these cells was less than that in HEp-2 cells. The electron microscopic study showed typical inclusions with many Chlamydia elementary bodies in lymphoid cells tested, similar to that seen in HEp-2 cells. These results indicate that C. pneumoniae can infect cells with lymphocyte properties and this infection model with lymphoid cell line cells could be valuable to study details of lymphocyte–C. pneumoniae interaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11440.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic control of macrophage susceptibility to infection by Legionella pneumophila (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 89 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Legionella pneumophila readily grows in cultures of thioglycollate (TGC)-induced macrophages (MPs) from A/J mice, but not in MPs from BALB/c mice or other mouse strains. In the present study, the growth of Legionella pneumophila in MPs from A/J and BALB/c mice, as well as hybrids of the two strains and back-crossed mice, was investigated to determine whether the permissiveness of growth of these bacteria was due to an inherited trait of the MPs. The MPs from all A/J mice supported the growth of Legionella, regardless of whether they were obtained from TGC or casein injected donors, but the cells from the mice given TGC supported growth of L. pneumophila much better than cells from mice injected with casein. Furthermore, MPs obtained from all BALB/c mice treated with either TGC or casein were nonpermissive for the growth of L. pneumophila. MPs from approximately 46% of the back-crossed ACF1 to A/J mice were permissive for L. pneumophila growth, while MPs from all ACF1 to back-crossed BALB/c mice were found to be nonpermissive. MPs from approximately 19% of ACF2 mice were permissive for L. pneumophila. Killing activities of MPs using temperature sensitive mutants of Salmonella typhimurium were variable and did not correlate with permissiveness or nonpermissiveness for growth of L. pneumophila. In addition, the number of inflammatory cells in the peritoneal cavity induced in response to TGC did not correlate with the permissiveness or nonpermissiveness of the MPs from various mouse strains to Legionella, indicating the permissive nature of the cells is controlled by genetic mechanisms involving a recessive phenotype but differs from resistance genes such as Ity important for replication of S. typhimurium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb04980.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Helicobacter pylori infection of human gastric epithelial cells induces IL-8 and TNFα, but not TGFβ1 mRNA (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 29 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection causes gastric ulcers and gastric carcinomas. The mechanisms of these diseases are not known but Hp induction of cytokines is believed to be involved. However, the profile as well as the involvement of cytokines induced by Hp infection is less clear. In the present study, steady state levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and TGFβ1 mRNA of human gastric epithelial cell lines Kato III, AGS and NCI-87N in response to Hp infection were investigated. The cell cultures were infected with Hp for up to 18 h. Total RNA was extracted and analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR. The three cell lines tested expressed low constitutive levels of mRNA for IL-8 and TNFα. The mRNA levels of IL-8 quickly increased within 2 h in all three cells tested and reached a peak at 4 h following infection with Hp. In contrast, the levels of TNFα after Hp infection increased in only Kato III cells. The other cells, AGS and NCI-87N, responded with minimum increases after Hp infection. The TGFβ1 mRNA was constitutively expressed in both AGS and NCI-87N cells, but Kato III cells expressed only low levels prior to infection. The Hp infection did not increase the levels of TGFβ1 mRNA as well as TGFβ1 secretion in all cells tested. These results indicate that the cytokine response to Hp infection differs according to the cells studied and the response may be linked somewhat to TGF levels of gastric cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01500.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor potentiates anti-Candida albicans growth inhibitory activity of polymorphonuclear cells (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 7 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) stimulates a subset of granulocyte colony forming cells and when administered to neutropenic individuals results in recovery of blood neutrophil numbers to normal levels. Therefore, G-CSF may be a useful therapeutic agent for infections in immunocompromised hosts. However, to date there has been only limited information that G-CSF activates the antimicrobial activity of neutrophils. In the present study, we found that recombinant G-CSF promotes the anti-Candida albicans activity of normal human blood polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells in vitro using both a 3H-glucose uptake procedure and a Candida colony counting assay. As little as 0.1 ng/ml G-CSF induced significant anti-Candida activity in the PMN cultures. G-CSF treatment also enhanced superoxide anion production by the PMNs in response to f-MLP as determined by the superoxide dismutase inhibitable cytochrome C reduction method. Such results show that G-CSF can promote the antimicrobial activity of peripheral blood PMNs against C. albicans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1993.tb00376.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences and similarities in permissive A/J versus non-permissive BALB/c murine macrophages infected with Legionella pneumophila: The role of iron (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 9 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Legionella pneumophila, a facultative intracellular pathogen, replicates within and kills thioglycolate-elicited (TG) macrophages from A/J mice, while growth is inhibited in TG macrophages from BALB/c mice which show no impaired viability. The role of iron in BALB/c and A/J macrophages regarding their permissiveness to L. pneumophila intracellular growth was investigated. We previously reported that TG macrophages from the A/J mouse strain readily supported the intracellular growth of L. pneumophila, while resident macrophages from the same strain of mice were not permissive. Recently we also found that such a difference in permissiveness between both A/J macrophage populations may be explained, at least in part, to intracellular availability of iron. In this report, differences in permissiveness to L. pneumophila growth between A/J TG macrophages and BALB/c TG macrophages was not due to intracellular iron availability. BALB/c and A/J TG macrophages exhibited similar expression of transferrin receptor and cellular iron content. The treatment of BALB/c TG macrophages with different iron compounds, namely ferric nitrilotriacetate (12.5–100 μM), ferric citrate (12.5–100 μM) and transferrin (0.5–5 mg ml−1), did not stimulate the intracellular proliferation of L. pneumophila. The reduction of intracellular iron availability by treatment with antibodies against transferrin receptor or with desferrioxamine suppressed the growth of L. pneumophila within BALB/c TG macrophages, suggesting that these cells do not restrict L. pneumophila growth because of iron. The production of nitric oxide was also similar in both macrophage populations, as measured by the Griess reaction. However, the synthesis of oxygen reactive species was three times higher in non-permissive BALB/c macrophages. Further analysis regarding the relevance of oxygen reactions and the expression of cytokines are in progress. We therefore conclude that iron is not involved in the differences of permissiveness among macrophages from different strains of mice, remaining unknown the mechanism involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1994.tb00467.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Legionella pneumophila intracellular growth in normal vs. Immune guinea pig macrophage cultures (1988)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 16 (1988), S. 333-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intracellular growth ofLegionella pneumophila, an opportunistic intracellular bacterium considered the cause of legionellosis, was assessed in peritoneal macrophages from normal and immunized guinea pigs. These bacteria grew exceedingly well in the normal guinea pig macrophages. Uptake of these bacteria was about the same by macrophages from either normal or immune guinea pigs, but their growth in immune macrophages was completely inhibited. Macrophages from normal guinea pigs stimulated with mezerin, a compound similar to diterpene ester, a known nonspecific stimulator of macrophages, or with specificLegionella vaccine released moderate or only small amounts of hydrogen peroxide, an indicator of macrophage activation to antimicrobicidal activity. In contrast, macrophages from immune guinea pigs produced much higher levels of hydrogen peroxide when stimulated with mezerein or theLegionella vaccine, and also showed a heightened response when cultured without a stimulator. These results indicate that macrophage activation related to the immune status of the host appears to have an important role in initial resistance toLegionella growth in susceptible individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01568541
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation ofLegionella pneumophila virulence with the presence of a plasmid (1994)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 28 (1994), S. 217-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionellosis in man and considered an opportunistic intracellular Gram-negative bacterium that preferentially infects macrophages. The presence of a plasmid in these organisms was determined in cultures of the bacteria grown in vitro. A correlation was observed between the growth of virulent strains of theLegionella in murine macrophages and growth on standard buffered charcoal yeast extract agar supplemented with 0.1% α-ketoglutarate (BCYEα) agar medium rich in cysteine and widely used for growth of the bacteria in vitro. In contrast, the avirulent isolates of these strains grew well on supplemented Mueller-Hinton (SMH) agar utilized for differentiating virulent from avirulentLegionella. However, one virulent strain ofLegionella (the Iowa strain) was found to grow moderately well on the SMH agar. In addition, test strains ofLegionella that infect in vitro human monocytes were found to grow moderately well on the BCYE-α agar, but did not grow on the SMH agar. Examination of these strains for plasmid DNA expression showed that extra chromosomal DNA-containing molecules were present in theL. pneumophila strains characterized as virulent for in vitro growth in macrophages. However, the avirulent strains that replicated in the human monocytes readily but only poorly in the permissive murine macrophages did not show evidence of similar plasmid DNA expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575964
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Legionella pneumophila virulence conserved after multiple single-colony passage on agar (1993)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 27 (1993), S. 241-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Multiple passage ofLegionella pneumophila on either supplemented Mueller-Hinton or charcoal yeast extract agar by the conventional batch passing technique results in loss of virulence. In this studyL. pneumophila virulence was maintained after multiple passage on buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE α) agar by a single-colony transfer technique. Virulence was determined by assessing the growth ofL. pneumophila for thioglycolate-induced susceptible A/J mouse macrophages in vitro and infectivity for susceptible A/J mice in vivo. Passage of the virulentL. pneumophila, 30 times on BCYE α agar by the single-colony transfer procedure still resulted in virulence, as compared with the nonpassaged parental bacteria, both in vitro and in vivo. Lethality for susceptible, A/J mice by systemic infection was comparable for the 30th colony-passaged bacteria and the parentalL. pneumophila. These results show that theL. pneumophila phenotype associated with intracellular growth in macrophages or infectivity for susceptible mice is stable following passage by the single-colony transfer procedure on BCYE α agar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01692883
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of metal cation type on the structure and properties of ethylene ionomers (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 42 (1991), S. 351-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal properties by DSC, stiffness, melt viscosity, tensile properties, and dynamic mechanical properties were measured for the Na+, K+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, and Co2+ salts of poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (EMAA). The changes in the structure and properties with increasing neutralization are larger in the alkaline and alkaline earth metal salts than in the transition metal salts. The stiffness shows a maximum at 33% neutralization in both the alkaline and alkaline earth metal salts, while no maxima are found up to 60% neutralization in the transition metal salts. The microphase separation of salt group aggregates is observed in both the alkaline and alkaline earth metal salts, but is not seen in the transition metal salts. These differences were attributed to both the stronger ionic interactions and the larger number of carboxyl groups associated with the alkaline and alkaline earth metal salts in the ordered structure of ionic salt groups (ionic crystallites). The mechanical properties measured at low strain, such as stiffness and yield stress, strongly depend on the degree of the crystalline order of the ionic crystallites. The high-strain properties, such as tensile strength and elongation at break, depend on the strength of the ionic interactions and the valence of the cation.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070420207
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