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1

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Implications from seed traps for reproductive success, allocation and cost in a tall tree species Lindera erythrocarpa (2004)

HIRAYAMA, DAISUKE ; ITOH, AKIRA ; YAMAKURA, TAKUO

Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Plant species biology 19 (2004), S. 0

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ISSN: 1442-1984

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Reproductive success of the tall tree species Lindera erythrocarpa Makino (Lauraceae) was examined on a per individual basis using the seed-trap method and a new method of numerical analysis of seed dispersal. Female flower and seed production per tree were successfully estimated using the model, and the dependence of each variable on tree size was expressed using allometric equations. Although seed set was highest on medium-sized trees (5% at 27 cm d.b.h.), seed production per tree was highest on the largest trees. Thus, a relative measure of reproductive success, such as seed set, was not a reliable predictor of individual variations in absolute seed production. Dry matter investment in reproduction was also expressed using an allometric equation. Reproductive investment increased as net production increased. Vegetative growth of the woody organs of individual trees reached a peak of 31.2 kg/year, at which point reproductive investment was 4.41 kg/year. The usefulness of the seed-trap method and the allometric approach to evaluate differences in reproductive variables among individuals of a large tree species was confirmed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2004.00114.x

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2

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Tree form in a mixed dipterocarp forest in Indonesian Borneo (1987)

Yamakura, Takuo ; Hagihara, Akio ; Sukardjo, Sukristijono ; [et al.]

Springer

Ecological research 2 (1987), S. 215-227

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ISSN: 1440-1703

Keywords: Buttress ; Production structure ; Stem ; Tree form ; Tropical rain forest

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The form of tropical trees was studied with reference to the production structure of the component individuals of a tropical rain forest stand in Sebulu, East Kalimantan in Indonesian Borneo, since the production structure as a physical or bio-economical basis of tree form still remains obscure in tropical rain forests. The pipe model theory successfully explained the crown shapes of different trees, and its parameter, designated as specific pipe length, suggested an increase in the cost of leaf mass growth with an increase in crown size. A mathematical model consisting of exponential functions of aboveground height was applied for describing stem form, and its properties were examined through changes in its coefficients and by adopting an assumption of the geometrical similarity of individual stem form as a criterion for comparing differences in stem form among individual trees. Furthermore, the cost of buttersses was discussed using the relation between bole- and buttress weight calculated from the mathematical model.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02349775

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3

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A preliminary study of changes in forest stratification along environmental gradients in Southeast Asia (1989)

Yamakura, Takuo ; Sahunalu, Pongsak ; Karyono

Springer

Ecological research 4 (1989), S. 99-116

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ISSN: 1440-1703

Keywords: Environmental conditions ; Forest height ; Forest stratification ; Number of Subpopulations ; Southeast Asia

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Changes in forest stratification along environmental gradients in Southeast Asian forests were studied, by applying Quantification Method I to the records of tree height inventories and environmental conditions in 29 study forest stands. To stratify individual trees into subpopulations in a stand, an empirical and graphical method was used. After stratifying all the component individuals of the stand into subpopulations, the number of subpopulations per stand and mean tree height per subpopulation were calculated and adopted as indices of forest stratification. Of the two indices, the latter index changed linearly with respect to the maximum tree height in the stand. Hence, the number of subpopulations and the maximum tree height as a substitute for mean tree height per subpopulation were biotic dependent variables in the application of Quantification Method I, while abiotic independent variables were the following six categorized environmental factors: the number of wet months with over 100 mm month−1 rainfall in a year, occurrence of fog, mean annual temperature, magnesium accumulation in mineral soil, soil water drainage, and forest fire. It was concluded that these biotic and abiotic variables were the components of multivariate regression models, which successfully explained the development of forest stratification in terms of habitat conditions.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02346946

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4

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Survivorship and growth of seedlings of four dipterocarp species in a tropical rainforest of Sarawak, East Malaysia (1995)

Itoh, Akira ; Yamakura, Takuo ; Ogino, Kazuhiko ; [et al.]

Springer

Ecological research 10 (1995), S. 327-338

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ISSN: 1440-1703

Keywords: Dipterocarpus ; Dryobalanops ; seedling growth ; seedling survivorship ; tropical rainforest

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Survivorship and growth of seedlings of four dipterocarp species (Dipterocarpus actangulus, D. globosus, Dryobalanops aromatica, Dryobalanops lanceolata) were studied for 2.5 years in a mixed dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, East Malaysia. Predispersal seed predation rates were larger forD. globosus (75%) thanD. lanceolata (27–34%) andD. aromatica (18–26%). Less than 20% of the twoDryobalanops seeds were damaged by vertebrates after seed dispersal. During the period from seed dispersal to the time when the seedlings had shed cotyledons, more dispersed seeds died in the twoDipterocarpus (ca 90%) than the twoDryobalanops (ca 60–70%). The major mortality factors during this period were uprooted and seed/seedling predation by insects or vertebrates. After the seedlings shed cotyledons, all species showed constant mortality rates of 34, 15–16, 17 and 6%/year forD. actangulus, D. lanceolata, D. aromatica andD. globosus, respectively, in the forest understorey. Mortality was lower in less shaded conditions than in more shaded ones forD. aromatica andD. actangulus, but not significantly different forD. lanceolata andD. globosus. A majority of dead seedlings were killed by fallen branches or were found standing with wilted leaves, probably due to water stress. No significant correlation was found between seed/seedling mortality and distance from mother trees or the initial density of seeds/seedings for all species. The mean leaf production was positively correlated with the estimated diffuse light factor of their habitats for each species.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02347859

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5

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Local and geographical distributions for a tropical tree genus, Scaphium (Sterculiaceae) in the Far East (2000)

Yamada, Toshihiro ; Itoh, Akira ; Kanzaki, Mamoru ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant ecology 148 (2000), S. 23-30

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ISSN: 1573-5052

Keywords: Equilibrium force ; Habitat segregation ; Lambir ; Soil ; Tropical rain forest ; Non-equilibrium force

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Tropical rain forests have an amazingly large number of closely related, sympatric species. How the sympatric species coexist is central to understanding the maintenance of high biodiversity in tropical rain forests. We compared local and geographical distributions among trees in Scaphium (Sterculiaceae), a tropical canopy tree genus. Scaphium is endemic to the Far Eastern tropics and comprises six species. Scaphium scaphigerum is distributed in drier regions than the other species' geographical distribution ranges. Scaphium longiflorum is distributed swamp forests, whereas the others were distributed in lowland and hill tropical rain forests on undulating land. Scaphium borneense, S. longipetiolatum, and S. macropodum co-occurred in a 52-ha plot in Lambir, Sarawak and clearly showed an allopathic pattern of distribution related to elevation in it. In the plot, the elevational difference was correlated with soil variation. Consequently, the difference in edaphic condition promoted the habitat segregation of the species. Thus these five Scaphium species have divergent habitats at various spatial scales and coexist because they reduce direct competition by habitat niche differentiation. Although the non-equilibrium hypothesis for the coexistence of Scaphium species cannot be rejected categorically due to the lack of enough information about S. linearicarpum, the equilibrium force may play the predominant role which permits their coexistence.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009879221679

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6

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Spatial distribution patterns of two predominant emergent trees in a tropical rainforest in Sarawak, Malaysia (1997)

Itoh, Akira ; Yamakura, Takuo ; Ogino, Kazuhiko ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant ecology 132 (1997), S. 121-136

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ISSN: 1573-5052

Keywords: Coexistence ; Dipterocarpaceae ; Dryobalanops aromatica ; Dryobalanops lanceolata ; Gap dynamics ; Janzen-Connell hypothesis

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Spatial distribution patterns of two emergent tropical rainforest tree species (Dryobalanops aromatica & D. lanceolata) were examined in where they were dominant (17–20% of total basal area of canopy trees) in Sarawak, East Malaysia. Newly established seedlings (〈 2 years old) were restricted to areas 〈 40 m from mother trees for both species, suggesting a limited seed dispersal. Seedling (〈 1 cm in dbh) density was highest around conspecific adults (≥ 30 cm in dbh). Negative spatial patterns were observed between larger juveniles (1–5 cm in dbh) and conspecific adults for both species; the most dense populations of sapling (1–5 cm in dbh) and poles (5–30 cm in dbh) were found at a distance of 15–20 m from the nearest conspecific adult. Seedlings of both species were distributed randomly with respect to light conditions evaluated by a forest floor diffuse site factor and a canopy closure index. Saplings of both species, and poles of D. lanceolata, were distributed under more open conditions than expected from spatially random distributions, and from average light conditions of all species of the same size classes. Possible mechanisms for the observed distribution patterns and intermediate canopy dominance of Dryobalanops were discussed from the viewpoints of gap-dynamics and distance-dependent mortality.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009779424279

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7

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Scaling of Petiole Dimensions with Respect to Leaf Size for a Tropical Tree, Scaphium macropodum (Sterculiaceae), in Borneo (1999)

Yamada, Toshihiro ; Suzuki, Eizi ; Yamakura, Takuo

Springer

Journal of plant research 112 (1999), S. 61-66

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ISSN: 1618-0860

Keywords: Keywords: Bending, Leaf, Petiole, Pipe model theory, Statics, Stress

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Scaphium macropodum (Miq.) Beumee ex Heyne (Sterculiaceae) in a tropical rain forest in West Kalimantan (Indonesia) was analyzed from the viewpoint of statics. The petiole diameter must increase with increasing leaf size to retain enough mechanical stability and a sufficient amount of conductive vessels. The petiole's cross-sectional area at its base was found to be proportional to the leaf blade's dry mass, which indicates that Shinozaki's pipe model is applicable to leaves with different sizes. Although larger leaves produce greater bending moments on the petiole's cross-section as a result of their greater weights, the bending stresses at the petiole's base caused by the leaf's weight were constant at ca. 76,900 g cm−2 regardless of leaf size. Thicker petioles increase the leaf's mechanical stability, but require sizable energy investments for their construction. It is hypothesized that the constant value for petiolar stress indicates an optimal balance between energy economy and the mechanical stability of S. macropodum leaves. To keep bending stress constant, the leaf blade's center of gravity shifts to a more proximal position and the cross-sectional area of the petiole increases.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00013859

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