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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A challenge for 21st century molecular biology and biochemistry: what are the causes of obligate autotrophy and methanotrophy? (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology reviews 28 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6976
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We assess the use to which bioinformatics in the form of bacterial genome sequences, functional gene probes and the protein sequence databases can be applied to hypotheses about obligate autotrophy in eubacteria. Obligate methanotrophy and obligate autotrophy among the chemo- and photo-lithotrophic bacteria lack satisfactory explanation a century or more after their discovery. Various causes of these phenomena have been suggested, which we review in the light of the information currently available. Among these suggestions is the absence in vivo of a functional α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. The advent of complete and partial genome sequences of diverse autotrophs, methylotrophs and methanotrophs makes it possible to probe the reasons for the absence of activity of this enzyme. We review the role and evolutionary origins of the Krebs cycle in relation to autotrophic metabolism and describe the use of in silico methods to probe the partial and complete genome sequences of a variety of obligate genera for genes encoding the subunits of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Nitrosomonas europaea and Methylococcus capsulatus, which lack the functional enzyme, were found to contain the coding sequences for the E1 and E2 subunits of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Comparing the predicted physicochemical properties of the polypeptides coded by the genes confirmed the putative gene products were similar to the active α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase subunits of heterotrophs. These obligate species are thus genomically competent with respect to this enzyme but are apparently incapable of producing a functional enzyme. Probing of the full and incomplete genomes of some cyanobacterial and methanogenic genera and Aquifex confirms or suggests the absence of the genes for at least one of the three components of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in these obligate organisms. It is recognized that absence of a single functional enzyme may not explain obligate autotrophy in all cases and may indeed be only be one of a number of controls that impose obligate metabolism. Availability of more genome sequences from obligate genera will enable assessment of whether obligate autotrophy is due to the absence of genes for a few or many steps in organic compound metabolism. This problem needs the technologies and mindsets of the present generation of molecular microbiologists to resolve it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsre.2003.12.001
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autotrophic growth of Thiobacillus A2 on methanol (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 15 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1982.tb00073.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative radiorespirometric studies of glucose oxidation in three facultatively heterotrophic thiobacilli (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 4 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1978.tb02880.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autotrophic and mixotrophic growth of three thermoacidophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 20 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1983.tb00098.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth with denitrification by Thiobacillus A2 under anaerobic conditions (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 16 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1983.tb00319.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidative metabolism of inorganic sulfur compounds by bacteria (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71 (1997), S. 95-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: sulfur bacteria ; sulfur oxidation pathways ; thiobacilli ; thiosulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The history of the elucidation of the microbiology and biochemistry of the oxidation of inorganic sulfur compounds in chemolithotrophic bacteria is briefly reviewed, and the contribution of Martinus Beijerinck to the study of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria highlighted. Recent developments in the biochemistry, enzymology and molecular biology of sulfur oxidation in obligately and facultatively lithotrophic bacteria are summarized, and the existence of at least two major pathways of thiosulfate (sulfur and sulfide) oxidation confirmed. These are identified as the ‘Paracoccus sulfur oxidation’ (or PSO) pathway and the ‘S4intermediate’ (or S4I) pathway respectively. The former occurs in organisms such as Paracoccus (Thiobacillus) versutus and P. denitrificans, and possibly in Thiobacillus novellus and Xanthobacter spp. The latter pathway is characteristic of the obligate chemolithotrophs (e.g. Thiobacillus tepidarius, T. neapolitanus, T. ferrooxidans, T. thiooxidans) and facultative species such as T. acidophilus and T. aquaesulis, all of which can produce or oxidize tetrathionate when grown on thiosulfate. The central problem, as yet incompletely resolved in all cases, is the enzymology of the conversion of sulfane-sulfur (as in the outer [S-] atom of thiosulfate [-S-SO3-]), or sulfur itself, to sulfate, and whether sulfite is involved as a free intermediate in this process in all, or only some, cases. The study of inorganic sulfur compound oxidation for energetic purposes in bacteria (i.e. chemolithotrophy and sulfur photolithotrophy) poses challenges for comparative biochemistry. It also provides evidence of convergent evolution among diverse bacterial groups to achieve the end of energy-yielding sulfur compound oxidation (to drive autotrophic growth on carbon dioxide) but using a variety of enzymological systems, which share some common features. Some new data are presented on the oxidation of 35S-thiosulfate, and on the effect of other anions (selenate, molybdate, tu ngstate, chromate, vanadate) on sulfur compound oxidation, including observations which relate to the roles of polythionates and elemental sulfur as intermediates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000135707181
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterotrophic growth of Thiobacillus A2 on sugars and organic acids (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 257-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Thiobacillus A2 ; Facultative heterotrophy ; Diauxic growth ; Sugar metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thiobacillus A2 grew on a number of organic acids, pentoses, hexoses and α-linked disaccharides, but not on β-linked disaccharides or galactosides. Growth was slow on glucose, although fast-growing strains were selectively isolated. Additive growth rates occurred on glucose and galactose; growth on glucose with fructose, pyruvate or gluconate was biphasic rather than diauxic; fructose was used preferentially over glucose; slow growth on glucose was accelerated by some disaccharides; growth on acetate, fumarate or succinate with glucose gave diauxic growth with preferential use of the acid and repression of glucose incorporation. Acetate and succinate tended to be used preferentially even with cultures grown on them in mixture with fructose or sucrose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00492033
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucose catabolism by Thiobacillus A2 grown in chemostat culture under carbon or nitrogen limitation (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 122 (1979), S. 307-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Thiobacillus A2 ; Radiorespirometry ; Chemostat culture ; Glucose metabolism ; Multiple metabolic pathways ; Metabolic regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thiobacillus A2 was grown in glucose- or ammonium-limited chemostats and relative contributions of the Embden-Meyerhof (EM), Entner-Doudoroff (ED) and pentose phosphate (PP) pathways to glucose catabolism estimated by 14C-glucose radiorespirometry. In fast growing strain GFI, the EM pathway predominated (41–79%) under all growth conditions with the PP pathway contributing 18–30%. The ED pathway was apparently absent under some conditions of glucose limitation. In contrast, wild type Thiobacillus A2 exhibited predominance of the EM pathway (43–48%) under ammonium-limitation but apparent predominance of the PP pathway (43–55%) under glucose-limitation, although all three pathways were calculated to operate. Under some conditions of glucose limitation the EM pathway was possibly considerably depressed. No clear pattern of response of the three pathways to altered environmental conditions could be deduced, although marked change in pathway activities were obviously induced. Growth yield was apparently unaffected by variation in pathways. The problems of interpreting such complex radiorespirometric data are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00411296
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel eubacteria able to grow on carbon disulfide (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 163 (1995), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Carbon disulfide ; Carbonyl sulfide ; Thiophenes ; Thiobacillus ; Organic sulfur ; Inorganic sulfur ; Quercus ; Oak ; Autotrophy ; Methylotrophy ; Chemostat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four eubacterial strains able to grow on carbon disulfide (CS2) as sole energy substrate were isolated from soil and leaves of the CS2-producing tree Quercus lobata. Three of the isolates (strains KS1, KS2, and KL1) were gram-negative, facultatively methylotrophic, and heterotrophic, and capable of growth on a wide range of inorganic and organic sulfur compounds. Biochemical and physiological properties differed slightly among the three strains, but all are proposed to be novel thiobacillus species. Growth yields on CS2 in batch and chemostat culture ranged from 3.3 g dry wt/mol CS2 (batch) to a maximum growth yield (Ymax) of 11.1 g dry wt/mol (chemostat). Chemostat data for two of the strains growing, autotrophically on thiosulfate gave Ymax values of 7.4 and 7.1 g dry wt/mol, which fall within the range observed with thiobacilli. The three new Thiobacillus strains had DNA containing 39.8 (KS2), 47.8 (KS1), and 50.5 (KL1) mol% G+C. All three were unusual in being able to grow not only on thiosulfate (aerobically or with denitrification), but also on CS2, carbonyl sulfide and methylated sulfides as sole energy substrates, and one was unique in being able to grow also on substituted thiophenes. They are the first organisms described to be capable, of anaerobic growth with denitrification on CS2. The fourth isolate (strain KL2) was gram-positive non-motile and nonspore-forming, with 39.0 mol% G+C. It had a restricted range of sulfur-containing growth substrates, could not grow methylotrophically or on autotrophic substrates other than CS2, and is not yet classifiable These organisms extend the range of eubacteria known to be capable of CS2 breakdown and demonstrate that several types of facultatively chemolithotrophic bacteria, able to grow exclusively on CS2, are associated with a CS2-producing plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381787
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and characterisation of Thiobacillus halophilus sp. nov., a sulphur-oxidising autotrophic eubacterium from a Western Australian hypersaline lake (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 156 (1991), S. 277-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Thiobacillus halophilus ; Obligate chemolithoautotroph ; Obligately halophilic ; Ubiquinone Q8 ; Chemostat growth yields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The isolation of a novel obligately chemolithotrophic, halophilic and extremely halotolerant Thiobacillus from a hypersaline lake is described. Attempts to demonstrate sulphur- and ferrous iron-oxidizing chemolithotrophs in neighbouring hypersaline lakes were unsuccessful. The organism isolated differs from any other Thiobacillus species previously described and is formally named as Thiobacillus halophilus. It possesses ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and grows chemolithoautotrophically on thiosulphate, tetrathionate and sulphur, oxidising them to sulphate. Kinetic constants for oxidation of sulphide, thiosulphate, trithionate and tetrathionate are presented. The organism is obligately halophilic, growing best with 0.8–1.0 M NaCl, and tolerating up to 4 M NaCl. Optimum growth was obtained at about 30° C and pH 7.0–7.3. It contains ubiquinone Q-8 and its DNA contains 45 mol % G+C. Organisms of this type might contribute significantly to the autotrophic fixation of carbon dioxide in some hypersaline extreme environments of the kind described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262998
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