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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Argonne Boundary Layer Experiments Facility: Using Minisodars to Complement a Wind Profiler Network (1999)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 71 (1999), S. 53-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary A description of the Argonne Boundary Layer Experiments (ABLE) facility, located in southern Kansas, USA, to study the planetary boundary layer on a continuous basis is given. The use and role of the minisodars in these studies is shown to be important and necessary in the study of surface boundary layers, extension of wind profiles to the surface, and estimates of convergence/divergence over 50–100 km scales over this site. A description of the site and location and description of the instrument systems is given; products available through internet access are briefly described. Use of the site by cooperative investigations is also described and invited.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007030050043
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluxes of gases and particles above a deciduous forest in wintertime (1983)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 27 (1983), S. 237-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Eddy-correlation measurements of the vertical fluxes of ozone, carbon dioxide, fine particles with diameter near 0.1 Μm, and particulate sulfur, as well as of momentum, heat and water vapor, have been taken above a tall leafless deciduous forest in wintertime. During the experimental period of one week, ozone deposition velocities varied from about 0.1 cm s−1 at night to more than 0.4 cm s-1 during the daytime, with the largest variations associated primarily with changes in solar irradiation. Most of the ozone removal took place in the upper canopy. Carbon dioxide fluxes were directed upward due to respiration and exhibited a strong dependence on air temperature and solar heating. The fluxes were approximately zero at air temperatures less than 5 °C and approached 0.8 mg m−2 s−1 when temperatures exceeded 15 °C during the daytime. Fine-particle deposition rates were large at times, with deposition velocities near 0.8 cm s−1 when turbulence levels were high, but fluxes directed upward were found above the canopy when the surface beneath was covered with snow. Diffusional processes seemed to dominate fine-particle transfer across quasilaminar layers and subsequent deposition to the upper canopy. Deposition velocities for particulate sulfur were highly variable and averaged to a value small in magnitude as compared to similar measurements taken previously over a pine forest in summer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00125000
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comments on ‘limitations of an Eddy-correlation technique for the determination of the carbon dioxide and sensible heat fluxes’ (1975)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 9 (1975), S. 363-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230777
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat and momentum transfer characteristics of adjacent fields of soybeans and maize (1981)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 20 (1981), S. 175-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements made as part of studies of the evolution of the planetary boundary layer (the “Sangamon” experiments of 1975 and 1976) are used to compare the surface eddy fluxes of heat and momentum over adjacent fields of soybeans and maize. Although the maize canopy was much taller and rougher than that of the soybeans, daytime eddy fluxes of momentum over the maize exceeded those over the soybeans by only about 35%, in good agreement with predictions based on PBL similarity theory. Heat flux was about 10% greater over the maize, probably as a consequence of greater evaporation over the soybeans. Infrared surface temperatures generally differed by less than 0.4 °C and net radiation by less than 10%. For the soybean canopy, the momentum displacement height was found to be located at approximately 90% of the crop height, and the roughness length was about 5%. The roughness length for sensible heat transfer was found to be 2–3% of the soybean canopy height. For the maize canopy, the momentum displacement height was about 60% of the crop height, and the roughness length about 7%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119900
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An experimental study of sulfur and NOx fluxes over grassland (1986)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 34 (1986), S. 103-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three independent sulfur sensors were used in a study of sulfur eddy fluxes to a field of wheat stubble and mixed grasses, conducted in Southern Ohio in September, 1979. Two of these sensors were modified commercial instruments; one operated with a prefilter to measure gaseous sulfur compounds and the other with a denuder system to provide submicron particulate sulfur data. The third sensor was a prototype system, used to measure total sulfur fluxes. The data obtained indicated that the deposition velocity for gaseous sulfur almost always exceeded that for particulate sulfur; average surface conductances were about 1.0 cm s−1 for gaseous sulfur in the daytime and about 0.4 cm s−1 for particulate sulfur. The data indicate that nighttime values were probably much lower. The total sulfur sensor provided support for these conclusions. The boundary-layer quantity ln(z 0 /z H )was found to be 2.75 ± 0.55, in close agreement with expectations and thus providing some assurance that the site was adequate for eddy flux studies. However, fluxes derived using a prototype NOx sensor were widely scattered, partially as a consequence of sensor noise but also possibly because of the effects of nearby sources of natural nitrogen compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00120911
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of variance techniques to measure dry air-surface exchange rates (1988)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 44 (1988), S. 13-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The variances of fluctuations of scalar quantities can be measured and interpreted to yield indirect estimates of their vertical fluxes in the atmospheric surface layer. Strong correlations among scalar fluctuations indicate a similarity of transfer mechanisms, which is utilized in some of the variance techniques. The ratios of the standard deviations of two scalar quantities, for example, can be used to estimate the flux of one if the flux of the other is measured, without knowledge of atmospheric stability. This is akin to a modified Bowen ratio approach. Other methods such as the normalized standard-deviation technique and the correlation-coefficient technique can be utilized effectively if atmospheric stability is evaluated and certain semi-empirical functions are known. In these cases, iterative calculations involving measured variances of fluctuations of temperature and vertical wind velocity can be used in place of direct flux measurements. For a chemical sensor whose output is contaminated by non-atmospheric noise, covariances with fluctuations of scalar quantities measured with a very good signal-to-noise ratio can be used to extract the needed standard deviation. Field measurements have shown that many of these approaches are successful for gases such as ozone and sulfur dioxide, as well as for temperature and water vapor, and could be extended to other trace substances. In humid areas, it appears that water vapor fluctuations often have a higher degree of correlation to fluctuations of other trace gases than do temperature fluctuations; this makes water vapor a more reliable companion or “reference” scalar. These techniques provide some reliable research approaches but, for routine or operational measurement, they are limited by the need for fast-response sensors. Also, all variance approaches require some independent means to estimate the direction of the flux.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00117291
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An improved pressure-sphere anemometer (1972)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 2 (1972), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A pressure sphere anemometer for measuring the three wind components is described. It can be used within a meter of the surface. This pressure-sphere anemometer has a wider acceptance angle than the IMFL anemoclinometer, and is more easily constructed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184769
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations of nitric oxide fluxes over grass (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 9 (1989), S. 447-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Eddy correlation ; nitric oxide ; surface fluxes ; soil emissions ; rapid chemical reactions ; dry deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Eddy correlation measurements of NO vertical flux were made periodically from October 1983 through June 1984 at a height of eight meters above grass in northeastern Illinois, U.S.A. From 207 data points, each representing a 25 min average, 19 daytime cases and 8 nighttime cases were selected on the basis of steady, nonadvective atmospheric conditions. Each case was represented by a set of data constituting a 3 to 5 hr average. Concentrations of O3, NO, and NO y (from which NO2 was inferred) and local atmospheric and surface conditions also were measured, to provide the information necessary to assess the relative importance of surface deposition, surface emission, and air chemistry on the observed NO flux. On the basis of a linear regression analysis applied with independent variables representing physical, chemical, and biological processes, surface uptake of NO was very small for data primarily collected in the daytime during spring, and measured deposition velocities at a height of 8 m were very small, much smaller than expected for NO2. For the same time period, the surface emission rates of elemental nitrogen in NO were in the range of 1.4 to 4.2 ng m-2 s-1 for moist, unsaturated soils at temperatures near 15° C. These emissions were partially masked in the measured fluxes by rapid in-air chemical reactions involving O3 and NO2. The effects of rapid in-air chemical reactions involving O3 were to decrease the (upward) flux of NO with height. While the information collected at night was too limited to strongly support hypotheses concerning emissions and deposition, a pathway for NO production by reactions involving NO3 and related compounds was indicated. For daytime conditions, this production pathway is not evident, probably because of the relatively strong effects of photochemical reactions involving NO, NO2, and O3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00114756
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of RADM dry deposition algorithms with a site-specific method for inferring dry deposition (1989)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 44 (1989), S. 273-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Data collected during 1986 at seven widely separated sites in the eastern United States were used to estimate weekly averages of deposition velocities for SO2, O3, HNO3, and SO inf4 sup2− with both a modified version of the RADM dry deposition module and a site-specific inferential technique developed by the Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Air Resources Laboratory. The results show some systematic differences between the two techniques, even when the module uses distributions of landuse types that match as closely as possible the observed vegetation coverages used in the inferential technique. When one ignores the systematic differences that easily could be removed by minor changes in the algorithms for computing resistances to deposition, weekly averages of the deposition velocities calculated with the two methods are within approximately ±30% of each other for SO2 and O3. Overall, the relative differences in the deposition velocities for HNO3 and SO inf4 sup2− are about ±30 and ±50%, respectively. Use of the module with landuse types extrapolated to areas as large as RADM grid cells (approximately 80 km square) around the measurement stations produces weekly averages within ±20% of the site-specific estimates for SO2, O3, and SO inf4 sup2− and approximately ±30% for HNO3 if one avoids landuse types such as urban and water areas that are both nonrepresentative and have very different characteristics from the measurement sites. These estimates are not complete measures of the true uncertainty associated with the two techniques because they do not account for such effects as differences in the siting of instrumentation for collecting input data and the inability of the computational algorithms to include the many surface nonuniformities that typically exist in the areas surrounding measurement sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279259
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field measurement of small ozone fluxes to snow, wet bare soil, and lake water (1981)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 20 (1981), S. 459-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Eddy-correlation measurements over snow, wet bare soil, and lake water indicate very small vertical ozone fluxes. Adjustments to the small vertical fluxes are needed to take into account the effect of mean Stefan flow associated with evaporation at the surface and the effects of correlation between density variations and vertical wind fluctuations. For snow, the residual resistance calculated for the surface is about 34 s cm-1, indicating that the maximum deposition velocity is abut 0.03 cm s-1. For cold bare soil well saturated with water, the surface resistance is about 10 s cm-1 (maximum deposition velocity of about 0.1 cm s-1). The highest resistances obtained are for transfer to the surface of Lake Michigan, yielding values near 90 s cm-1 for resistance (0.01 cm s-1 for deposition velocity).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122295
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