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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 8 (1970), S. 187-208 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0012-1606
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 151 (1998), S. 463-475 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Anisotropy, mantle flow, subduction zones, shear-wave splitting.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —We have obtained constraints on the strength and orientation of anisotropy in the mantle beneath the Tonga, southern Kuril, Japan, and Izu-Bonin subduction zones using shear-wave splitting in S phases from local earthquakes and in teleseismic core phases such as SKS. The observed splitting in all four subduction zones is consistent with a model in which the lower transition zone (520–660 km) and lower mantle are isotropic, and in which significant anisotropy occurs in the back-arc upper mantle. The upper transition zone (410–520 km) beneath the southern Kurils appears to contain weak anisotropy. The observed fast directions indicate that the geometry of back-arc strain in the upper mantle varies systematically across the western Pacific rim. Beneath Izu-Bonin and Tonga, fast directions are aligned with the azimuth of subducting Pacific plate motion and are parallel or sub-parallel to overriding plate extension. However, fast directions beneath the Japan Sea, western Honshu, and Sakhalin Island are highly oblique to subducting plate motion and parallel to present or past overriding plate shearing. Models of back-arc mantle flow that are driven by viscous coupling to local plate motions can reproduce the splitting observed in Tonga and Izu-Bonin, but further three-dimensional flow modeling is required to ascertain whether viscous plate coupling can explain the splitting observed in the southern Kurils and Japan. The fast directions in the southern Kurils and Japan may require strain in the back-arc mantle that is driven by regional or global patterns of mantle flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 153 (1998), S. 345-375 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Attenuation, Frequency dependence, subduction zone.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —Teleseismic broadband recordings of intermediate and deep focus earthquakes are used to quantify both compression (Q 〈alpha〉 and shear(Q 〈beta〉 ) wave attenuation within the Lau backarc basin. A spectral-ratio method is employed to measure differential attenuation (〈delta〉t*) between the depth phases sS, pP, and sP and the direct S and P phases over the frequency band 0.05 and 0.5 Hz. We use a stacking algorithm to combine the spectra of several phase pairs from a single event, having similar azimuth and range, to obtain more robust 〈delta〉t* measurements; these estimates are then used to compute the average Q above the focal depth. Q 〈beta〉 and Q 〈alpha〉 are measured directly from the sS-S and pP-P phase pairs respectively, however, the interpretation of 〈delta〉t* measured from sP-P requires assumptions about the ratio Q 〈alpha〉  /Q 〈beta〉 . We find an empirical ratio of Q 〈alpha〉  /Q 〈beta〉 = 1.93 for this region and use it to compute Q 〈alpha〉 and Q 〈beta〉 from the Q sP observations. We observe lateral and depth variations in both Q β and Q 〉alpha〈 beneath the tectonically active Lau Basin and the geologically older, inactive Lau Ridge and Fiji Plateau. The upper 200 km beneath the Central and Northern Lau Basin show a Q 〈beta〉 of 45–57 and a Q 〈alpha〉 of 102–121, and Q appears to increase rapidly with depth. The upper 600 km beneath the Lau backarc basin has a Q 〈beta〉 of 118–138, while over the same depth interval we observe a higher Q 〈beta〉 of 139–161 beneath the Lau Ridge and Fiji Plateau. We also find Q 〈alpha〉 of 235–303 beneath the northern Lau Basin and a higher Q 〈alpha〉 of 292–316 beneath the Fiji Plateau and the Lau Ridge measured directly from pP-P phase pairs. These geographic trends in the broadband Q measurements correlate with our previous long-period estimates of Q 〈beta〉 in this region, however, the broadband measurements themselves are higher by about a factor of two. These observations suggest substantial frequency dependence of Q in the upper mantle, beginning at frequencies less than 1.0 Hz and consistent with the power-law form Q∝ωα with 〈alpha〉 between -0.1 and -0.3.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 342 (1989), S. 626-626 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] WIENS ET AL. REPLY—Our letter to Nature2 reported extensive (97.5 per cent) genetically mediated developmental failure of ovules and consequent loss of reproductive capacity in Dedeckera eurekensis (Polygonaceae), a rare, palaeoendemic, monotypic genus from the Mojave desert of California. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Translocation heterozygosity is characteristic of male plants of Viscum hildebrandtii Engl. (n=14) and V. engleri Tiegh. (n=14). Both species are polymorphic with regard to the known chromosome associations which include: 12II, 1IV; 11II, 1VI; 10II, 2IV; 10II, 1VIII; 9II, 1IV, 1VI and 6II, 1IV, 2VI. All multivalents are rings. The translocation heterozygosity is not associated with a distortion of the sex ratio in favour of female plants, as occurs in V. fischeri Engl., but probably with the differentiation and adaptation of biotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Epilobium ; Fruit/flower ratio ; Seed/ovule ratio ; Progeny/Zygote ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Reproductive success is divided into two phases: preemergent (the number of viable seeds that enter the ambient environment) and postemergent (the percentage of progeny that survive to reproduce). We studied preemergent reproductive success (PERS) in flowering plants by measuring the fruit/flower (Fr/Fl) ratio and the seed/ovule (S/O) ratio in a number of species of outcrossing and inbreeding plants, where PERS=the product of (Fr/Fl) and (S/O). In order to determine the influence of the ambient environment (including resource availability) we studied pairs of outcrossing and inbreeding species occurring in the same habitat. Among outcrossing species PERS averaged about 22%, whereas in inbreeding species the average was approximately 90%. The progeny/zygote (P/Z) ratio was studied in hand-pollinated populations in Epilobium angustifolium (a strongly outcrossing species) from populations in Oregon and Utah, by direct observation of embryogenesis at twoday intervals throughout the course of seed development. The P/Z ratio in both populations averaged near 30%, and the developing embryos showed a surprising array of abnormalities that resulted in embryo death. During early development 〉95% of the ovules had normally developing globular embryos, but beginning with differentiation (cotyledon formation) about 70% of the original globular embryos aborted during the course of embryogenesis and seed development. The clustering of developmental lethals during peroids of major differentiation events parallels the animal model of development. We found little evidence that PERS was limited by the ambient environment (including resource availability), pollination, or factors associated with the inbreeding habit. Instead, PERS was found to be inextricably linked to outcrossing plants, whose breeding systems promote genetic variability. The high incidence of developmental lethals in E. angustifolium and the resulting low P/Z ratio (ca. 30%) is attributed to genetic load (any lethal mutation or allelic combination) possibly working in combination with developmental selection (interovarian competition among genetically diverse embryos). Examples of maternally controlled, fixed patterns of ovule abortion with respect to position or number are discussed. However, we found no need to employ “female choice” as a hypothesis to explain our results for the extensive, seemingly random patterns of embryo abortion in E. angustifolium and other outcrossing species. A more parsimonious, mechanistic explanation based on genetic load-developmental selection is sufficient to account for the differential survivorship of embryos. Likewise, the traditional concept of a positive growth regulator feedback system based on the number of surviving ovules in an ovary can account for subsequent fruit survivorship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-1618
    Keywords: variable rate application ; grid soil sampling ; management zones ; precision farming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the U.S.A. intensive grid soil sampling has conventionally been used to develop prescription maps for variable rate (VRT) fertilizer application. Grid sampling can provide an accurate basis for variable rate application; however the cost and labor requirements suggest other approaches may be more economical. This research was initiated to determine if farmer-developed management zone maps based on soil color from aerial photographs, topography, and the farmer's past management experience can be effective in developing variable rate application maps. The accuracy of farmer-developed management zone maps was investigated on two center pivot irrigated fields near Wiggins, Colorado. Using aerial photographs as a template, the farmer defined high, medium, and low productivity management zones. Cluster analysis confirmed that management zones represent different suites of soil characteristics. In field one, soil organic matter (SOM), clay, nitrate, potassium, zinc, conductivity and corn yield data followed the trends indicated by the management zones. In field two, however, the medium productivity zone had the highest values for these parameters. Farmer developed management zones appear to be effective in identifying different management zones; however, ground truthing is needed to develop accurate VRT maps from the zones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2015-10-02
    Description: The Superior Province Rifting Earthscope Experiment (SPREE) recorded continuous seismic data over the Midcontinent Rift from April 2011 through October 2013. Analysis of power spectral density (PSD) estimates shows that horizontal noise levels at periods 〉20 s vary seasonally and diurnally. During winter, horizontal noise power at many SPREE stations is within 5 dB of nearby Transportable Array (TA) stations. As the ground thaws, SPREE stations in fine-grained material such as silt or clay become noisier due to changes in the mechanical properties of the soil. During summer, the daily mean PSD value of stations in fine-grained material is approximately 10–20 dB higher than in the winter, and daytime noise levels are 20–30 dB higher than nights. Stations in sandy material also show diurnal variations of 20–30 dB during summer, but the daily mean PSD value varies no more than 5–10 dB during the year. Most neighboring TA stations have relatively constant daily mean PSDs, and their horizontal components show summer diurnal variations of 10–15 dB. Some very quiet TA stations, such as SPMN, show a 5–10 dB increase in horizontal noise power during winter. The timing and amplitude of horizontal noise power variations between 20 and 800 s correlate with variations in atmospheric pressure PSDs. We propose that the grain size and pore water content of the material surrounding a shallow seismic station influences the local response to atmospheric pressure. Stations that must be placed in soft sediments should be installed in sandy, well-drained material to minimize long-period noise generated by atmospheric pressure variations. Online Material: Figures with examples of signals, power spectra, and their differences.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2016-01-30
    Description: S -wave receiver functions (SRFs) are used to investigate crustal and upper-mantle structure beneath several ice-covered areas of Antarctica. Moho S-to-P (Sp) arrivals are observed at ~6–8 s in SRF stacks for stations in the Gamburtsev Mountains (GAM) and Vostok Highlands (VHIG), ~5–6 s for stations in the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM) and the Wilkes Basin (WILK), and ~3–4 s for stations in the West Antarctic Rift System (WARS) and the Marie Byrd Land Dome (MBLD). A grid search is used to model the Moho Sp conversion time with Rayleigh wave phase velocities from 18 to 30 s period to estimate crustal thickness and mean crustal shear wave velocity. The Moho depths obtained are between 43 and 58 km for GAM, 36 and 47 km for VHIG, 39 and 46 km for WILK, 39 and 45 km for TAM, 19 and 29 km for WARS and 20 and 35 km for MBLD. SRF stacks for GAM, VHIG, WILK and TAM show little evidence of Sp arrivals coming from upper-mantle depths. SRF stacks for WARS and MBLD show Sp energy arriving from upper-mantle depths but arrival amplitudes do not rise above bootstrapped uncertainty bounds. The age and thickness of the crust is used as a heat flow proxy through comparison with other similar terrains where heat flow has been measured. Crustal structure in GAM, VHIG and WILK is similar to Precambrian terrains in other continents where heat flow ranges from ~41 to 58 mW m –2 , suggesting that heat flow across those areas of East Antarctica is not elevated. For the WARS, we use the Cretaceous Newfoundland–Iberia rifted margins and the Mesozoic-Tertiary North Sea rift as tectonic analogues. The low-to-moderate heat flow reported for the Newfoundland–Iberia margins (40–65 mW m –2 ) and North Sea rift (60–85 mW m –2 ) suggest that heat flow across the WARS also may not be elevated. However, the possibility of high heat flow associated with localized Cenozoic extension or Cenozoic-recent magmatic activity in some parts of the WARS cannot be ruled out.
    Keywords: Seismology
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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