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  • 1
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    The end of the cretaceous: sharp boundary or gradual transition? (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-03-16
    Description: Evidence indicates that the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary is very sharp, and, within the limits of resolution, it is apparently synchronous at the various boundary localities. Arguments to the contrary, particularly those of Officer and Darke, are shown to invalid.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alvarez, W -- Alvarez, L W -- Asaro, F -- Michel, H V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Mar 16;223(4641):1183-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17742934" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Impact theory of mass extinctions and the invertebrate fossil record (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1984-03-16
    Description: There is much evidence that the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary was marked by a massive meteorite impact. Theoretical consideration of the consquences of such an impact predicts sharp extinctions in many groups of animals precisely at the boundary. Paleontological data clearly show gradual declines in diversity over the last 1 to 10 million years in various invertebrate groups.Reexamination of data from careful studies of the best sections shows that, in addition to undergoing the decline, four groups (ammonites, cheilostomate beyozoans, brachiopods, and bivalves) were affected by sudden truncations precisely at the iridium anomaly that marks the boundary. The paleontological record thus bears witness to terminal-Cretaceous extinctions on two time scales: a slow decline unrelated to the impact and a sharp truncation synchronous with and probably caused by the impact.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alvarez, W -- Kauffman, E G -- Surlyk, F -- Alvarez, L W -- Asaro, F -- Michel, H V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Mar 16;223(4641):1135-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17742919" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    The Precursor of the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Clays at Stevns Klint, Denmark, and DSDP Hole 465A (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-10-12
    Description: Results of detailed mineralogical, chemical, and oxygen isotope analyses of the clay minerals and zeolites from two Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary regions, Stevns Klint, Denmark, and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Hole 465A in the north central Pacific Ocean, are presented. In the central part of the Stevns Klint K/T boundary layer, the only clay mineral detected by x-ray diffraction is a pure smectite with 〉 95 percent expandable layers. No detrital clay minerals or quartz were observed in the clay size fraction in these beds, whereas the clay minerals above and below the boundary layer are illite and mixed-layer smectite-illite of detrital origin as well as quartz. The mineralogical purity of the clay fraction, the presence of smectite only at the boundary, and the delta(18)O value of the smectite (27.2 +/- 0.2 per mil) suggest that it formed in situ by alteration of glass. Formation from impact rather than from volcanic glass is supported by its major element chemistry. The high content of iridium and other siderophile elements is not due to the cessation of calcium carbonate deposition and resulting slow sedimentation rates. At DSDP Hole 465A, the principal clay mineral in the boundary zone (80 to 143 centimeters) is a mixed-layer smectite-illite with 〉/=90 percent expandable layers, accompanied by some detrital quartz and small amounts of a euhedral authigenic zeolite (clinoptilolite). The mixed-layer smectite-illite from the interval 118 to 120 centimeters in the zone of high iridium abundance has a very low rare earth element content; the negative cerium anomaly indicates formation in the marine environment. This conclusion is corroborated by the delta(18)O value of this clay mineral (27.1 +/- 0.2 per mil). Thus, this mixed-layer smectite-illite formed possibly from the same glass as the K/T boundary smectite at Stevns Klint, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kastner, M -- Asaro, F -- Michel, H V -- Alvarez, W -- Alvarez, L W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Oct 12;226(4671):137-43.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17814325" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 4
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    Extraterrestrial cause for the cretaceous-tertiary extinction (1980)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1980-06-06
    Description: Platinum metals are depleted in the earth's crust relative to their cosmic abundance; concentrations of these elements in deep-sea sediments may thus indicate influxes of extraterrestrial material. Deep-sea limestones exposed in Italy, Denmark, and New Zealand show iridium increases of about 30, 160, and 20 times, respectively, above the background level at precisely the time of the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctions, 65 million years ago. Reasons are given to indicate that this iridium is of extraterrestrial origin, but did not come from a nearby supernova. A hypothesis is suggested which accounts for the extinctions and the iridium observations. Impact of a large earth-crossing asteroid would inject about 60 times the object's mass into the atmosphere as pulverized rock; a fraction of this dust would stay in the stratosphere for several years and be distributed worldwide. The resulting darkness would suppress photosynthesis, and the expected biological consequences match quite closely the extinctions observed in the paleontological record. One prediction of this hypothesis has been verified: the chemical composition of the boundary clay, which is thought to come from the stratospheric dust, is markedly different from that of clay mixed with the Cretaceous and Tertiary limestones, which are chemically similar to each other. Four different independent estimates of the diameter of the asteroid give values that lie in the range 10 +/- 4 kilometers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alvarez, L W -- Alvarez, W -- Asaro, F -- Michel, H V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Jun 6;208(4448):1095-108.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17783054" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 5
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    Asteroid extinction hypothesis (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1981-02-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alvarez, L W -- Alvarez, W -- Asaro, F -- Michel, H V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Feb 13;211(4483):654-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17776632" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Iridium anomaly approximately synchronous with terminal eocene extinctions (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-05-21
    Description: An iridium anomaly has been found in coincidence with the known microtektite level in cores from Deep Sea Drilling Project site 149 in the Caribbean Sea. The iridium was probably not in the microtektites but deposited simultaneously with them; this could occur if the iridium was deposited from a dust cloud resulting from a bolide impact, as suggested for the anomaly associated with the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Other workers have deduced that the microtektites are part of the North American strewn tektite field, which is dated at about 34 million years before present, and that the microtektite horizon in deep-sea cores is synchronous with the extinction of five radiolarian species. Mass extinctions also occur in terrestrial mammals within 4 million years of this time. The iridium anomaly and the tektites and microtektites are supportive of a major bolide impact about 34 million years ago.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alvarez, W -- Asaro, F -- Michel, H V -- Alvarez, L W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 May 21;216(4548):886-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17819180" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 7
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    Geological evidence for the geographical pattern of mantle return flow and the driving mechanism of plate tectonics (1982)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 6697-6710, pp. 2214
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Plate tectonics ; Modelling ; ConvolutionE ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 8
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    Toward a theory of impact crises (1986)
    In:  Eos, Trans., Am. Geophys. Un., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 67, no. 35, pp. 649, 654, 655 & 658, pp. 2214
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986
    Keywords: Planetology ; meteorites ; craters ; extinction ; Geol. aspects ; Volcanology
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 9
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    Iridium profile for 10 million years across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at Gubbio (Italy) (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-12-21
    Description: The iridium anomaly at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (KT) boundary was discovered in the pelagic limestone sequence at Gubbio on the basis of 12 samples analyzed by neutron activation analysis (NAA) and was interpreted as indicating impact of a large extraterrestrial object at exactly the time of the KT mass extinction. Continuing controversy over the shape of the Ir profile at the Gubbio KT boundary and its interpretation called for a more detailed follow-up study. Analysis of a 57-meter-thick, 10-million-year-old part of the Gubbio sequence using improved NAA techniques revealed that there is only one Ir anomaly at the KT boundary, but this anomaly shows an intricate fine structure, the origin of which cannot yet be entirely explained. The KT Ir anomaly peaks in a 1-centimeter-thick clay layer, where average Ir concentration is 3000 parts per trillion (ppt); this peak is flanked by tails with Ir concentrations of 20 to 80 ppt that rise above a background of 12 to 13 ppt. The fine structure of the tails is probably due in part to lateral reworking, diffusion, burrowing, and perhaps Milankovitch cyclicity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alvarez, W -- Asaro, F -- Montanari, A -- DE-AC03-76SF00098/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 21;250:1700-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11538083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Calcium Carbonate/*chemistry ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geological Phenomena ; *Geology ; Iridium/*analysis ; Italy ; Paleontology
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  • 10
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    Coeval 40Ar/39Ar Ages of 65.0 Million Years Ago from Chicxulub Crater Melt Rock and Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Tektites (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-08-14
    Description: (40)Ar/(39)Ar dating of drill core samples of a glassy melt rock recovered from beneath a massive impact breccia contained within the 180-kilometer subsurface Chicxulub crater in Yucatan, Mexico, has yielded well-behaved incremental heating spectra with a mean plateau age of 64.98 +/- 0.05 million years ago (Ma). The glassy melt rock of andesitic composition was obtained from core 9 (1390 to 1393 meters) in the Chicxulub 1 well. The age of the melt rock is virtually indistinguishable from (40)Ar/(39)Ar ages obtained on tektite glass from Beloc, Haiti, and Arroyo el Mimbral, northeastern Mexico, of 65.01 +/- 0.08 Ma (mean plateau age for Beloc) and 65.07 +/- 0.10 Ma (mean total fusion age for both sites). The (40)Ar/(39)Ar ages, in conjunction with geochemical and petrological similarities, strengthen the recent suggestion that the Chicxulub structure is the source for the Haitian and Mexican tektites and is a viable candidate for the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary impact site.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Swisher, C C 3rd -- Grajales-Nishimura, J M -- Montanari, A -- Margolis, S V -- Claeys, P -- Alvarez, W -- Renne, P -- Cedillo-Pardoa, E -- Maurrasse, F J -- Curtis, G H -- Smit, J -- McWilliams, M O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 14;257(5072):954-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17789640" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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