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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host Odor Perception in Phytophagous Insects (1986)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 31 (1986), S. 121-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.31.010186.001005
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of problem weeds of maize on the Transvaal Highveld (South Africa). III. Crotalaria sphaerocarpa Perr. ex. DC. (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 22 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Sixteen different herbicides and herbicide mixtures were evaluated for their efficiency in controlling Crotalaria sphaerocarpa Perr. ex. DC. using percentage mortality and relative plant dry mass as criteria of herbicide efficiency. Paraquat and a mixture of atrazine and Tronic were the only treatments which effectively controlled the weed at all ten leaf stages tested. Atrazine alone and ametryne alone were 100% effective only for the first four leaf stages. Other treatments were relatively ineffective.The wax coat on the leaves of C. sphaerocarpa possibly impedes the absorption of lethal quantities of some herbicides, resulting in an apparent resistance. This phenomenon, probably accounts for the fact that this plant is considered to be a problem weed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1982.tb00151.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The aphids' peripheral perception of plant volatiles (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 35-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aphis fabae ; Brevicoryne brassicae ; electroantennogram ; kairomones ; Megoura viciae ; Myzus persicae ; odours ; olfaction ; plant volatiles ; semiochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194719
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olfactory antennal responses to plant volatiles in apterous virginoparae of the vetch aphidMegoura viciae (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 37-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aphididae ; attractants ; electroantennogram ; kairomones ; Megoura viciae ; odours ; olfaction ; plant volatiles ; repellents ; semiochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram (EAG) responses were recorded from apterous virginoparae of the vetch aphidMegoura viciae Buckton (Homoptera, Aphididae) to more than eighty volatile compounds in order to investigate its sensory ability to perceive plant odours. The response profile ofM. viciae reveals a differential sensitivity for the array of plant volatiles tested. The whole group of general green leaf volatiles is very stimulatory. In addition to (E)-2-hexenal, the following compounds of this group elicit large EAG responses: (E)-2-heptenal, 1-octenol-3, hexyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, hexanol-1, hexanal, 2-heptanone and 3-octanone. Relatively large EAGs are also produced by 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (p-anisaldehyde), hexanonitrile, heptanonitrile, 1,6-hexanedithiol, butyl isothiocyanate, 4-pentenyl isothiocyanate, (−)-(1S)-β-pinene, (+)-(S)-carvone, (−)-(R)-carvone, α-terpineol, linalool and citronellal. The nitriles are the most effective of all plant volatiles tested. Structure-activity relationships occur in various groups of chemicals and members of the green leaf volatiles, benzaldehydes, isothiocyanates and monoterpenes are ranked accordingly. In the group of green leaf volatiles, aliphatic aldehydes are more stimulating than the corresponding alcohols. EAG responses to series of saturated aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes reveal that C6 and C7 compounds are the most stimulatory. Dose-response curves show that the rank order of EAG response amplitudes hardly changes at lower dosages. It is concluded thatM. viciae perceives general plant volatiles as well as more-specific components, such as nitriles and isothiocyanates, associated with the odour blends of non-host plant species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383016
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single unit analysis of odour quality coding by the olfactory antennal receptor system of the Colorado beetle (1978)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 24 (1978), S. 520-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a étudié la capacité de distinguer la qualité des odeurs végétales chez le doryphore. On a enregistré extracellulairement les réactions de cellules de récepteur olfactif séparées à des C-6 alcools et des aldéhydes saturés et insaturés (substances volatiles de la “feuille verte”) et à d'autres composés végétaux. Les récepteurs olfactifs pouvaient réagir par inhibition et/ou par excitation; on a particulièrement observé l'inhibition aux intensités élevées de stimulus. Les variations des types de réactions ont été analysées pour un certain nombre de récepteurs, qui constituent un échantillon représentatif, sur la base de la corrélation de rang entre les réactions de pointe moyennes et les amplitudes de l'électroantennogramme pour chaque odeur-stimulus. L'application d'une analyse en grappe a montré que les récepteurs olfactifs peuvent être divisés en deux groupes principaux, un groupe qui réagit de façon différentielle au complexe des substances volatiles de la “feuille verte” et de leurs isomères et un autre groupe qui a une sensibilité sélective à l'égard du composé aromatique méthylsalicylate. Le premier groupe a été subdivisé en différents types de récepteurs avec des réactions qui se chevauchent. Il semble que les sensilles olfactives individuelles peuvent être innervées par plus d'un type fonctionnel de cellule réceptrice. Les réactions aux odeurs végétales naturelles enregistrées appuient la conclusion que la qualité d'une odeur végétale est codée par un modèle de réaction pour un nombre limité de types de récepteurs olfactifs. On discute les résultats par rapport aux concepts du codage chimiosensoriel et par rapport au comportement du doryphore.
    Notes: Abstract Peripheral events underlying plant odour quality discrimination in the Colorado beetle were investigated. Responses to saturated and unsaturated C-6 alcohols and aldehydes (“green leaf” volatiles) and to other plant compounds were recorded extracellularly. The olfactory receptors could respond by inhibition and/or excitation; inhibition was especially observed at the higher stimulus intensities. Variations in the response patterns were analyzed for a number of receptors constituting a representative sample, as indicated by rank correlation between mean spike responses and electroantennogram amplitudes for each odour stimulus. Application of cluster analysis showed that the olfactory receptors may be divided into two main groups, one reacting differentially to the complex of “green leaf” volatiles and their isomers, and another group showing a selective sensitivity to the aromatic compound methylsalicylate. Evidence is provided suggesting that individual olfactory sensilla can be innervated by more than one functional type of receptor unit. Responses to natural plant odours support the conclusion that plant odour quality is encoded by response patterning across a limited number of olfactory receptor types. The findings are discussed in relation to concepts of chemosensory coding and to the behaviour of the Colorado beetle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02385105
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electroantennogram responses of the Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, to plant volatiles (1979)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 25 (1979), S. 86-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les électroantennogrammes de Leptinotarsa decemlineata en présence de 53 substances volatiles (y compris des isomères) ont été enregistrés. Le système des récepteurs olfactifs antennaires est sélectif, même à des doses élevées plusieurs composés ne provoquent que d'assez faibles réponses. La diminution de la concentration jusqu'à une puissance stimulante modérée réduit le nombre de substances perçues. Des électroantennogrammes différents ont été obtenus pour un groupe de composés très voisins, à savoir les substances volatiles de feuilles vertes: trans-2-hexen-1-ol, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, hexanol-1, trans-2-hexenal et cis-3-hexenyl-acetate, et aux isomères tels que trans-3-hexen-1-ol et cis-2-hexen-l-ol. La concentration seuil du composé le plus efficace, trans-2-hexen-1-ol, est de 1,2×108 molécules par ml d'air. Les récepteurs olfactifs antennaires du Doryphore sont sensoriellement ajustés à la perception de ces substances volatiles générales des feuilles vertes. Comme les récepteurs olfactifs de nombreux insectes phytophages ont été signalés comme répondant à ces composés, ce complexe volatile joue probablement un rôle dans le comportement de sélection de l'hôte par différents insectes phytophages.
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram responses of Colorado beetles were recorded to 53 plant volatiles including isomers. The system of antennal olfactory receptors is selective, even at high doses several compounds cause fairly small responses. Diminishing the concentration to a moderate stimulus strength reduces the number of perceptible chemicals. Distinct electroantennogram responses are obtained to a group of closely related components, namely the general green leaf volatiles trans-2-hexen-1-ol, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, hexanol-1, trans-2-hexenal, hexanal and cis-3-hexenyl-acetate, and to isomers such as trans-3-hexen-1-ol and cis-2-hexen-1-ol. The threshold concentration of the most effective compound, trans-2-hexen-1-ol is 1.2×108 molecules per ml of air. The antennal olfactory receptors of the Colorado beetle are sensitively tuned to the perception of these general green leaf volatiles. As olfactory receptors of a number of phytophagous insects have been reported to respond to these components, this volatile complex probably plays a part in the host selection behaviour of various phytophagous insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421821
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    General green leaf volatiles in the olfactory orientation of the Colorado beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (1978)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 24 (1978), S. 738-749 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a cherché à déterminer l'effet sur l'orientation olfactive de doryphores femelles des composants principaux identifiés dans l'huile des feuilles de pomme de terre, trans-2-hexen-1-ol, hexanol-1, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, trans-2-hexenal et linalool, et les isomères trans-3-hexen-1-ol, cis-2-hexen-1-ol, hexanol-2 et hexanol-3. Si des pieds de pomme de terre ayant atteint leur développement complet provoquent des réactions anémotactiques positives, causées par leur odeur, chez le doryphore, aucune de ces substances chimiques, appliquée isolément, n'est attrayante. Associés à des pieds de pomme de terre, les composés suivants masquent l'odeur attrayante de la plante-hôte: trans-2-hexen-1-ol, trans-2-hexenal, trans-3-hexen-1-ol et cis-2-hexen-1-ol. L'isomère géométrique trans-3-hexen-1-ol est à cet égard la substance la plus efficace. Les doryphores ne réagissent plus par une anémotaxie provoquée par l'odeur, mais ils sont pourtant activés. Le masquage de l'odeur de la plante-hôte s'explique par une perturbation du complexe attrayant par suite du changement des proportions relatives de ses composants. Ces substances volatiles générales des feuilles vertes constituent probablement une partie importante des odeurs de feuille qui attirent différents insectes phytophages et représentent “l'odeur verte”.
    Notes: Abstract The odour of fully grown potato plants elicits a positive anemotactic response in Colorado beetles, but none of the individual component volatiles alone is attractive. Certain component chemicals or isomers of them disrupt orientation to the host plant, probably by changing the relative proportion of the odour components. These general green leaf volatiles probably occur as important constituants of leaf odours attractive to various phytophagous insects. Such a complex represents “green odour” and confers different modalities on the leaf odours of diverse plant species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02385130
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host plant related properties of the antennal olfactory system in the oak flea weevil, Rhynchaenus quercus. Electroantennogram study (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect-plant relationships ; host plant selection ; oak flea weevil ; Rhynchaenus quercus ; olfaction ; electroantennograms ; plant volatiles ; leaf vapours
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Elektroantennographische Aufzeichnungen an Fühlern einer hochspezialisierten phytophagen Art, des Eichenblattflohs Rhynchaenus quercus L. zeigten zwei allgemeine Eigenschaften des Geruchsystems der Antennen: Erstens ist eine hohe und teilweise selektive Empfindlichkeit auf chemotaxonomisch nicht spezifische Verbindungen, besonders auf die “allgemeinen Blattgründämpfe” wie auch auf Geraniol und Linalool vorhanden. Zweitens fehlen ausgeprägte Unterschiede im allgemeinen Erregungsniveau hervorgerufen durch flüchtige Stoffe von Wirtspflanzen einerseits und Nichtwirtspflanzen andererseits. Es wurde auch beobachtet, dass die Form der EAGs hervorgerufen durch zerschnittene Blätter oder “allgemeine Blattgründämpfe” verschieden war von denjenigen verursacht durch Geraniol und Linalool, wo die Erholung eindeutig langsamer war. Die Resultate der EAG deuten darauf hin, dass der Komplex der “allgemeinen Blattgründämpfe” wichtig ist bei der Wahrnehmung der Wirtspflanzengerüche durch Rhynchaenus quercus. Eine mögliche Funktion dieser Verbindungen bei der Erkennung der Wirtspflanzen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram (EAG) recordings from the antennae of a highly specialized phytophagous species — the oak flea weevil, Rhynchaenus quercus L. — revealed two general properties of its antennal olfactory system: (1) a high and to some extent selective sensitivity to chemotaxonomically nonspecific compounds, namely the so-called “general green leaf volatiles” as well as to geraniol and linalool, (2) a lack of marked differences in the general excitation level caused by stimulation with vapours from leaves of both host plants and non-host plants. It was also observed, that the shapes of EAG's evoked by vapours from cut leaves and general green leaf volatiles differed from those elicited by corresponding concentrations of geraniol and linalool, where recovery was distinctly slower. The results of EAG tests suggest that the general green leaf volatile complex is important in host-odour perception by the oak flea weevil. A possible function of these compounds in host-plant odour discrimination is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300883
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The design of a low-speed wind tunnel as an instrument for the study of olfactory orientation in the Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) (1976)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 20 (1976), S. 275-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aerodynamische Phänomene werden diskutiert, die für die geruchliche Orientierung der adulten Kartoffelkäfer von Bedeutung sind, nämlich der Übergang von wirbelfreier zu turbelenter Strömung im freien Strom; die Grenzschicht; der Übergang von wirbelfreier zu turbulenter Strömung in der Grenzschicht und die Dicke der wirbelfreien Grenzschicht. Ein Windtunnel für niedrige Windgeschwindigkeit wird beschrieben, der sich für das Studium der geruchlichen Orientierung des Kartoffelkäfers als günstig erwies. Messungen der Windströmung in diesem Tunnel zeigten, daß der Prozentsatz von Turbulenz im Hauptstrom der Insektenprüfkammer niedrig ist und daß eine einheitliche Lockstoffkonzentration in dieser Kammer vorliegt. Es wird geschlossen, daß die Käfer auf pflanzliche Duftstoffe mit Geruch-induzierter Anemotaxis reagieren. Die Dicke der wirbelfreien Grenzschicht über der Laufplatte in der Prüfkammer wurde ermittelt. Die Einführung von getopften Kartoffelpflanzen in den Luftstrom des Windtunnels löst positive anemotaktische Reaktionen bei Männchen und Weibchen des Kartoffelkäfers aus. Die stärkste positive anemotaktische Reaktion der Männchen wird nach sechs Stunden Hunger erzielt. Ausgewachsene Kartoffelpflanzen sind attraktiver für Männchen als junge. In der Diskussion wird vermutet, daß die Größe der Turbulenz und die Dicke der Grenzschicht unter Freilandbedingungen die geruchlich induzierte anemotaktische Reaktion der Insekten beeinträchtigt.
    Notes: Abstract Aerodynamic phenomena relevant to the olfactory orientation of walking adult Colorado beetles are discussed and a low-speed wind tunnel suitable for the study of olfactory orientation is described. It is concluded that in this wind tunnel the beetles respond to attractive plant volatiles by odourconditioned anemotaxis. The presence of potted potato plants in the air stream of the wind tunnel causes positive anemotactic responses of male and female Colorado beetles. The maximum positive anemotactic response of the male beetles is obtained after 6 hours of starvation. Fully grown potato plants are more attractive to male beetles than young plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573833
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specificity in the olfactory orientation of the Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (1977)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 21 (1977), S. 14-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wind induziert positive anemotaktische Reaktionen von frisch geschlüpften, noch nicht gefütterten Weibchen des Kartoffelkäfers. Diese Reaktionen werden verstärkt durch flüchtige Verbindungen verschiedener Solanaceen, nämlich Solanum tuberosum, S. nigrum, S. luteum, S. dulcamara, S. lycopersicum, Nicotiana tabacum, Capsicum annuum und Petunia hybrida und eine Nichtsolanacee, Tropaeolum majus. Brassica oleracea, B. pekinensis, Raphanus sativus und Phaseolus vulgaris waren in dieser Hinsicht neutral. Ungefütterte Postdiapause-Kartoffelkäfer reagieren ebenfalls auf flüchtige Verbindungen von ungeschädigten, getopften Kartoffelpflanzen. Es wird geschlossen, daß die geruchliche Orientierung den Kartoffelkäfer vorwiegend zu Solanaceen-Arten leitet. Sobald sich ein Kontakt ergibt, werden weitere Schritte in der Wirtspflanzenwahl erfolgen.
    Notes: Abstract Wind induces positive anemotactic responses of unfed newly-emerged female Colorado beetles. These responses are enhanced by the volatiles of several solanaceous species i.e. Solanum tuberosum, S. nigrum, S. luteum, S. dulcamara, S. lycopersicum, Nicotiana tabacum, Capsicum annuum and Petunia hybrida, and a non-solanaceous species, Tropaeolum majus. Brassica oleracea, B. pekinensis, Raphanus sativus and Phaseolus vulgaris are neutral in this respect. Unfed post-diapause Colorado beetles also react to the vapours of undamaged potted potato plants. It is concluded that the olfactory orientation will mainly lead the Colorado beetle towards solanaceous species. When contact results, further steps in host plant selection will occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300336
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