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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EVOLUTION AND MECHANISM OF TRANSLATION IN CHLOROPLASTS (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 32 (1998), S. 437-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The entire sequence (120 ~ 190 kb) of chloroplast genomes has been determined from a dozen plant species. The genome contains from 87 to 183 known genes, of which half encode components involved in translation. These include a complete set of rRNAs and about 30 tRNAs, which are likely to be sufficient to support translation in chloroplasts. RNA editing (mostly C to U base changes) occurs in some chloroplast transcripts, creating start and stop codons and changing codons to retain conserved amino acids. Many components that constitute the chloroplast translational machinery are similar to those of Escherichia coli, whereas only one third of the chloroplast mRNAs contain Shine-Dalgarno-like sequences at the correct positions. Analyses conducted in vivo and in vitro have revealed the existence of multiple mechanisms for translational initiation in chloroplasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.32.1.437
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein kinase associated with chromatin and changes in substrate-specificity during germination of wheat seeds (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 56 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Protein kinase activity was associated with chromatin in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mukakomugi) embryos. The kinase activity did not change significantly during germination, whereas the activity of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase decreased significantly. The protein kinase activity in chromatin was inhibited by NAD, NADH, and ADP-ribose, and was enhanced by treatment of the chromatin with snake venom phosphodiesterase or soybean trypsin inhibitor. The activity in chromatin was not stimulated by cyclic AMP. Different subfractions of the histones, H1 and H2, were mainly phosphorylated in germ and 3 day-germinated seedling chromatins. The histones, H3 and H4, seemed unable to accept phosphate from ATP in the in vitro reaction system. Different acidic non-histone chromosomal proteins were phosphorylated in germ and 3-day-germinated seedling chromations, and germ-specific and seedling-specific acidic non-histone chromosomal proteins seemed unable to accept phosphate from ATP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1982.tb00317.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Targeted deletion of genes for eukaryotic RNA-binding proteins, Rbp1 and Rbp2, in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942: Rbp1 is indispensable for cell growth at low temperatures (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 176 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strains PCC6301 and PCC7942 have two homologous genes, rbp1 and rbp2, encoding small RNA-binding proteins, Rbp1 and Rbp2. In order to elucidate their function within the cell, we performed rbp gene-disruption experiments using the transformable strain PCC7942. When rbp2 was disrupted by insertion of a kanamycin-resistance gene cassette within the protein-coding region, many transformants homozygous for the mutated target gene were obtained. Though insertional inactivation of rbp1 yielded few transformants, one transformant that carried a mutated rbp1 gene was obtained which grew poorly at a low temperature. This suggests that rbp2 is not necessary for cell growth whereas rbp1 is indispensable for cell growth at low temperatures. Possible functions of the Rbp proteins are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13656.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcriptional activation and structural alteration of wheat chromatin during germination and seedling-growth (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 54 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The chromatin was isolated from embryos or young seedlings of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mukakomugi, and the template activity, the endogenous RNA polymerase activity, the susceptibility to DNase 11 and polylysine binding capacity were assayed. Both transcriptional activities of chromatin were very low for the first 12 h of germination, increased from 12 to 24 h, and then increased markedly during the next 48 h of post-germination. During the 72 h of germination, the template activity and the endogenous RNA polymerase activity increased 10-fold and 40-fold, respectively, while they decreased from 72 h to 96 h of seedling growth. Seventy-two h seedling chromatin was more susceptible to endonuclease and was bound with more polylysine than the germ chromatin. These results suggest that the structure of the chromatin available for transcription changes during seed germination and seedling-growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1982.tb00574.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and expression of tomato mitochondrial genes coding for tRNACys (GCA), tRNAAsn (GUU) and tRNATyr (GUA): A native tRNACys gene is present in dicot plants but absent in monocot plants (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 239-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; tRNA genes ; Tomato ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequences of tRNAAsn (GUU) and tRNATyr (GUA) genes from tomato mitochondria and their flanking regions have been determined. The tomato mitochondrial tRNAAsn gene is located 2.1 kb downstream from the tRNACys gene reported previously (Izuchi and Sugita 1989) and shows a nearly complete identity with the corresponding chloroplast gene. The tRNATyr gene, which shows only 73% homology with the corresponding chloroplast gene, has to be considered a “native” mitochondrial tRNA gene and is 535 bp from the “chloroplast-like” tRNAAsn gene on the same strand. Northern hybridization analysis revealed that the three tRNA genes are transcribed in tomato mitochondria. Southern hybridization analysis of tomato, sugar beet, rice and wheat mitochondrial DNAs, with oligonucleotide probes for mitochondrial or chloroplast tRNA genes, demonstrated that the mitochondrial tRNACys gene found in tomato is present in dicot plants but not in monocots. On the other hand, a chloroplast-like tRNACys gene exists in monocot plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318387
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and differential expression of two distinct genes encoding the chloroplast elongation factor Tu in tobacco (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 164-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chloroplast EF-Tu ; tufA ; tufB ; Differential expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated two nuclear genes, tufA and tufB, encoding chloroplast EF-Tu from a tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris) genomic library. The tufA gene encodes a polypeptide of 478 amino-acid residues, consisting of a putative transit peptide of 70 residues and a mature EF-TuA of 408 residues. The tufB gene codes for a precursor protein of 485 residues, containing a transit peptide of 77 residues and a mature EF-TuB of 408 residues. No introns were found in either gene. The sequence similarity within the coding regions of the two genes is 84.3% for nucleotides and 89.7% for amino acids. Multiple 5′ ends of transcripts were observed for both tuf genes. Northern analysis revealed that the EF-Tu mRNA accumulated at least 30-fold more in leaf than in root tissue. Ribonuclease protection assays using gene-specific probes showed that the level of tufB mRNA is three-fold higher than that of tufA mRNA in leaves but in roots the tufB mRNA levels is less than half that of tufA mRNA. The relative amount of tufB mRNA is 30-fold higher in leaves than in roots whereas tufA messages are only five-fold higher in leaves. These data suggest that expression of both tuf genes is differentially regulated according to tissue and plastid type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309543
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification of chloroplast elongation factor Tu and cDNA analysis in tobacco: the existence of two chloroplast elongation factor Tu species (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 767-774 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNAs ; chloroplast ; elongation factor Tu ; nuclear genes ; Nicotiana sylvestris ; N-terminal amino acid sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have purified a chloroplast elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and determined its N-terminal amino acid sequence. Two distinct cDNAs encoding EF-Tu were isolated from a leaf cDNA library of N. sylvestris (the female progenitor of N. tabacum) using an oligonucleotide probe based on the EF-Tu protein sequence. The cDNA sequence and genomic Southern analyses revealed that tobacco chloroplast EF-Tu is encoded by two distinct genes in the nuclear genome of N. sylvestris. We designated the corresponding gene products EF-Tu A and B. The mature polypeptides of EF-Tu A and B are 408 amino acids long and share 95.3% amino acid identity. They show 75–78% amino acid identity with cyanobacterial and chloroplast-encoded EF-Tu species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027363
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and expression of a cDNA encoding an RNA helicase-like protein in tobacco (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 249-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: RNA helicase ; DEAD box ; p68 ; Nicotiana sylvestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The human P68 protein is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase and thought to be involved in cell growth and division. We have isolated a Nicotiana sylvestris cDNA which encodes a p68-like protein. Northern blot analysis showed that the transcript from the gene is accumulated in N. sylvestris leaves, roots and flowers, but not in N. tabacum-cultured cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040593
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three types of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast RNA-binding proteins (cp29, cp31 and cp33) are present in Arabidopsis thaliana: presence of cp31 in chloroplasts and its homologue in nuclei/cytoplasms (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 529-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis ; chloroplast ; CS-RBD ; consensus sequence-type RNA-binding domain ; gene family ; ribonucleoprotein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Five chloroplast RNA-binding proteins with consensus sequence-type RNA-binding domains have been isolated from tobacco chloroplasts. Here we report three nuclear genes for similar chloroplast RNA-binding proteins (cp29, cp31 and cp33) from Arabidopsis thaliana. Each of the three genes consists of four exons and three introns and their exon/intron junctions were determined by sequencing respective cDNAs. In vitro import assays showed that all three proteins are located in chloroplasts. The three genes are singly-copy each and the transcription start sites were determined to be 80/82 bp (cp29) and 76/88 bp (cp31) upstream from the translational initiation codons. Northern blot analysis revealed that the three genes are transcribed both in leaves and roots, but the transcript level in leaves is higher than in roots. Phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast RNA-binding proteins so far identified shows that these proteins can be classified into three groups. Tobacco and Arabidopsis have these three types of proteins and structural features of each group are conserved between the two plants, suggesting that they are important for chloroplast functions. Interestingly, cp31 (238 amino acids) shares the identical amino acid sequence from the 30th to the last (238th) residues (including two RNA-binding domains) with the Arabidopsis nucleolin-like ribonucleoprotein, FMV3bp [11]. FMV3bp lacks a transit-peptide and must be located in the nucleus or the cytoplasm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019319
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical and gene maps of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC6301 genome (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 193-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene map ; genome ; physical map ; Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 6301
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A physical map of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC6301 genome has been constructed with restriction endonucleases PmeI, SwaI, and an intron-encoded endonuclease I-CeuI. The estimated size of the genome is 2.7 Mb. On the genome 49 genes or operons have been mapped. Two rRNA operons are separated by 600 kb and transcribed oppositely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020621
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