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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 4 (1973), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Although some studies and experiences have shown that R & D project selection models can be potentially useful decision aids, their adoption and routine use is not widespread. This lack of usage may be a consequence of the lack of attention which model builders have traditionally given to the prevailing adoption attitudes of R & D managers. A design methodology centering around the measurement of adoption attitudes has been developed and used by the authors. The methodology consists of procedures for analyzing the organizational climate relative to project selection model usage, developing an acceptable model form relative to the organizational climate, and inducing the adoption of this model form within the climate. Three case applications of the methodology are described in which negative-to-positive shifts in adoption attitudes occurred and project selection models were adopted for long-term use. These results indicate that the use of this general methodology may lead to increased formal adoption and widespread usage of project selection model forms in R & D.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 6 (1975), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A resource allocation system developed for a government laboratory has been subjected to a full-scale experiment within that organization. The experimental system includes: (1) a multiplicative benefit estimation procedure, (2) a constrained optimization resource allocation model hosting piecewise linear benefit functions and interactive capabilities for sensitivity analysis, and (3)a network tracking procedure for predicting progress on major laboratory objectives. It is applied to R & D activities representing 3/4 of the laboratory's total program. The methodological philosophy, structure, and experimental design are presented together with attitudinal data and informational insights gleaned from the experiment. The flexibility of the system for adapting to alternative management models and benefit functional forms is demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 4 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Although some studies and experiences have shown that R & D project selection models can be potentially useful decision aids, their adoption and routine use is not widespread. This lack of usage may be a consequence of the lack of attention which model builders have traditionally given to the prevailing adoption attitudes of R & D managers. A design methodology centering around the measurement of adoption attitudes has been developed and used by the authors. The methodology consists of procedures for analyzing the organizational climate relative to project selection model usage, developing an acceptable model form relative to the organizational climate, and inducing the adoption of this model form within the climate. Three case applications of the methodology are described in which negative-to-positive shifts in adoption attitudes occurred and project selection models were adopted for long-term use. These results indicate that the use of this general methodology may lead to increased formal adoption and widespread usage of project selection model forms in R & D.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 102 (1988), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Allium cepa ; Botrytis allii ; penetration responses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Penetration of Allium cepa epidermal cells (white, yellow, and red varieties) by Botrytis allii induced a response by host protoplasts in normal tissue which was not observed when penetrations were made in protoplast-free host cell walls. Callose and auto-fluorescing substances (possibly phenolic compounds) were located at the penetration sites only in normal host cells containing protoplasts. Lignin tests were negative. Halos were clearly visible in both types of tissue. Autofluorescence was observed at penetration sites in normal cells of all cultivars but general wall background autofluorescence was not observed in white onions. Autofluorescence was generally yellow green and when treated with ammonium hydroxide became green. Treatment with sodium hydroxide abolished autofluorescence. No attempt was made to isolate the autofluorescing material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Botrytis allii ; Allium cepa ; halo composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Halos detected using interference microscopy (even- and fringle-field modes with monoand poly-chromatic light) around penetration sites of Botrytis allii in cell walls of normal and protoplast-free outer epidermal tissue of white, yellow, and red onions were alike. Halos in protoplast-free cell walls contained 33% less dry mass than areas of these walls adjacent to halos (quantitative interference miscroscopy with 546 nm light in the even-field mode). Halos were significantly larger in the white onion than in the yellow and red varieties. The loss of cell wall dry mass during the production of halos involved the loss of pectin and cellulose. We infer that this is caused by enzymes released from the pathogen. Cuticle degradation at penetration sites was not observed.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1985-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0011-183X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0653
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2015-04-18
    Description: Applicability of the induced innovation hypothesis—that a change in relative input prices induces innovation to economize use of the increasingly expensive input ( Hicks 1932 )—is examined for U.S. public agricultural research. A reduced-form test is developed using input prices from the agricultural production sector, expenditures from the public research sector aimed at developing new technology to save specific agricultural inputs, and variables to control for innovation marginal cost differences and nonhomotheticity. Unlike recent demand-side studies that soundly reject the induced innovation hypothesis for agriculture, support for the hypothesis is found for several input pairings through these tests of public agricultural research using state-level panel data.
    Keywords: D24 - Production ; Cost ; Capital and Total Factor Productivity ; Capacity, O30 - General
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2015-02-11
    Description: Excess returns to producers insured by the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation can arise due to asymmetric information or from the design of the insurance programs themselves. Using unique, unit-level crop insurance contract data for major crops such as corn, soybeans, and wheat in five growing regions, we find evidence that producers in most regions may profit by selecting optional units, buy-up coverage, or by using transitional yields to participate in the federal crop insurance program. We also find evidence that advantages increase with land resource heterogeneity. However, the results do not support hypotheses that producers profit by selecting revenue insurance, nor that high levels of government "incompetence" exist in the design and administration of the crop insurance system.
    Keywords: Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2016-04-24
    Description: We construct a stochastic dynamic dual model to investigate the structural adjustment of two aggregate output and three aggregate input categories in US agriculture under stochastic climatic change. More than a century of national annual data (1910–2011) is used in the empirical analysis. No constraints on asset fixity are imposed. Results indicate that, with rational expectations, both output categories as well as all input categories exhibit quasi-fixity in response to market change and stochastic climate change. Crops adjust more than twice as fast as livestock—49% versus 20% of the way toward their long-run equilibrium in one year. Fertilizer adjusts most rapidly toward equilibrium levels (88% in one year), and capital adjusts most slowly (5% in one year). Labor oscillates rather than converging smoothly toward equilibrium; its distance from equilibrium is the same as if it adjusted 59% of the way toward its optimal level in one year. Failing to anticipate climate change dramatically slows the estimated rate of adjustment for two netputs and modestly speeds the rate for two others, thus likely increasing overall adjustment costs. Failing to account for uncertainty in anticipated climate change has little impact on adjustment rates.
    Keywords: Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis ; Prices, Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2016-02-10
    Description: The USDA Economic Research Service has emerged as an acknowledged intellectual leader in the construction and integration of national and state-level productivity accounts in agriculture. The national and state-level ERS productivity measures are widely referred to and used, and international sectoral comparisons rely on the ERS production accounts for foundation methodology in constructing agricultural productivity accounts in other countries. This leadership role has endured for many decades and accelerated in response to the AAEA-USDA Task Force review of the agricultural productivity accounts ( Gardner et al. 1980 ). It is against this backdrop of vigorous intellectual leadership that an external review committee has examined the data sources, methodology, ongoing research, documentation, and reporting of the ERS agricultural productivity accounts. Our recommendations are many and some are substantial. Two of the most important recommendations address overarching concerns of documentation and efficiency, two more consider website communication of methods and data, and four focus on the renewal and construction of the state-level accounts.
    Keywords: D24 - Production ; Cost ; Capital and Total Factor Productivity ; Capacity, O30 - General
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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