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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of organic chemicals in conifer needles: surface adsorption and permeability of cuticles (1992)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Environmental science & technology 26 (1992), S. 153-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00025a017
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Casparian strips in needles of Pinus bungeana: isolation and chemical characterization (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 117 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: By using cell wall degrading enzymes, Casparian strips were for the first time isolated from Pinus bungeana needle endodermis. They appeared as a fine network, similar to those isolated from roots. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis provided evidence that the Casparian strips were impregnated with lignin, suberin, cellulose and cell wall proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2003.00031.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of leaf epidermal transmittance of UV radiation by chlorophyll fluorescence (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 101 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In higher plants one of the important functions of the leaf epidermis is the effective screening of ultraviolet-B (280–320 nm, UV-B) radiation, due mostly to phenolic compounds. The assessment of the contribution of this function is necessary for an evaluation of the impact of increasing UV-B radiation. A method is proposed to estimate epidermal transmittance on the basis of chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Fluorescence of chlorophyll induced by UV-A (320–400 nm, measuring beam centered at 366 nm, half band width 32 nm) or UV-B (measuring beam centered at 314 nm, half band width 18 nm) is compared to that induced by a blue-green measuring light (475 nm, half band width 140 nm). It is shown that the ratios of UV-and blue-green (BG)-induced fluorescence, F(UV-A)/F(BG) and F(UV-B)/F(BG), are relatively constant among leaf samples of various species (Vicia faba, Spinacia oleracea, Rumex scutatus) from which the epidermis was removed. In epidermis-free leaves no significant differences were found between adaxial and abaxial leaf sides, suggesting that leaf structure has negligible influence on the F(UV)/F(BG) ratios. On the other hand, fluorescence excitation ratios varied over a vast range when intact leaves from different species and habitats were investigated. Ratios were low in sun leaves and relatively high in shade- and greenhouse-grown leaves. By relating these results to those obtained with epidermis-free leaves, epidermal transmittances for UV-B radiation could be estimated, with values ranging between 1 and 45%. The data demonstrate a large adaptability of epidermal UV-A and UV-B transmittance in higher plants. The proposed method may prove a versatile and relatively simple tool for investigating epidermal UV transmittance complementing established methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb01060.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epiphytic microorganisms on strawberry plants (Fragaria ananassa cv. Elsanta): identification of bacterial isolates and analysis of their interaction with leaf surfaces (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 53 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Epiphytic bacteria were isolated from strawberry plants cultivated in the field or in the greenhouse in order to investigate their interaction with leaf-surface transport properties. Colonization of lower leaf sides was higher on field-grown plants, whereas upper leaf sides were more densely colonized on plants cultivated in the greenhouse. Fungal isolates significantly contributed to total microbial biomass on leaf surfaces of greenhouse-grown strawberry plants, whereas these organisms were rarely abundant on field-grown plants. Microscopic investigations of bacteria in the phyllosphere revealed that the highest densities of bacteria were observed on living trichomes, which obviously provide a source of nutrients. Isolated strains were characterized by colony morphology, microscopy and histochemistry. About 324 isolated bacterial strains were grouped into 38 morphotypes. Of the morphotypes, 12 were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Dominating bacteria belonged to the genus Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Bacillus and Arthrobacter. Cuticular water permeability of isolated cuticular membranes and intact leaf disks was measured before and after treatment with one of the most prominent epiphytic bacteria, Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae. Results showed that cuticular transpiration was significantly increased by P. rhizosphaerae. This shows that leaf-surface properties, such as cuticular water permeability, can be influenced by bacteria, leading to improved habitable conditions in the phyllosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2005.02.004
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cadmium leads to stimulated expression of the lipid transfer protein genes in barley: implications for the involvement of lipid transfer proteins in wax assembly (1997)
    Springer
    Planta 203 (1997), S. 9-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Abscisic acid ; Cuticle ; Epidermis ; Heavy metal ; Hordeum ; Wax ; Lipid transfer protein (expression)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. In order to investigate the nature of genes expressed in leaf epidermal cells of higher plants, we have identified the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA designated ltp 7a2b encoding a novel nonspecific lipid transfer protein of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Gerbel). The cDNA of 755 basepairs contains an open reading frame of 366 nucleotides coding for a 12.3-kDa polypeptide. The first 29 amino acids constitute the putative signal peptide, characteristic for targeting to the secretory pathway. Analysis of mRNA levels by Northern blotting indicated that ltp 7a2b is preferentially expressed in the leaf epidermis. Levels of mRNA decreased during ageing of leaf tissue. Expression of ltp 7a2b was stimulated by a factor of 2–3 when the seedlings were grown in the presence of cadmium (10–1600 μM). Concomitantly, the primary leaves of Cd-exposed seedlings contained elevated levels of abscisic acid and a thicker wax layer of the cuticle. At 100 μM Cd in the hydroponic medium, the wax cover was increased by 50%. The increase in abscisic acid content, ltp 7a2b mRNA and wax coverage was either not seen, or seen much less, in Ni- and Zn-stressed seedlings. The data add circumstantial evidence to the recently proposed hypothesis that nonspecific lipid transfer proteins function in transfer of cutin and/or wax monomers from the site of synthesis in the cell to the cuticle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050159
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical analysis and immunolocalisation of lignin and suberin in endodermal and hypodermal/rhizodermal cell walls of developing maize (Zea mays L.) primary roots (1999)
    Springer
    Planta 209 (1999), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Casparian strip ; Endodermis ; Hypodermis ; Lignin ; Root ; Suberin ; Zea (cell walls)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The composition of suberin and lignin in endodermal cell walls (ECWs) and in rhizodermal/hypodermal cell walls (RHCWs) of developing primary maize (Zea mays L.) roots was analysed after depolymerisation of enzymatically isolated cell wall material. Absolute suberin amounts related to root length significantly increased from primary ECWs (Casparian strips) to secondary ECWs (suberin lamella). During further maturation of the endodermis, reaching the final tertiary developmental state characterised by the deposition of lignified secondary cell walls (u-shaped cell wall deposits), suberin amounts remained constant. Absolute amounts of lignin related to root length constantly increased throughout the change from primary to tertiary ECWs. The suberin of Casparian strips contained high amounts of carboxylic and 2-hydroxy acids, and differed substantially from the suberin of secondary and tertiary ECWs, which was dominated by high contents of ω-hydroxycarboxylic and 1,ω-dicarboxylic acids. Furthermore, the chain-length distribution of suberin monomers in primary ECWs ranged from C16 to C24, whereas in secondary and tertiary ECWs a shift towards higher chain lengths (C16 to C28) was observed. The lignin composition of Casparian strips (primary ECWs) showed a high syringyl content and was similar to lignin in secondary cell walls of the tertiary ECWs, whereas lignin in secondary ECWs contained higher amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl units. The suberin and lignin compositions of RHCWs rarely changed with increasing root age. However, compared to the suberin in ECWs, where C16 and C18 were the most prominent chain lengths, the suberin of RHCWs was dominated by the higher chain lengths (C24 and C26). The composition of RHCW lignin was similar to that of secondary-ECW lignin. Using lignin-specific antibodies, lignin epitopes were indeed found to be located in the Casparian strip. Surprisingly, the mature suberin layers of tertiary ECWs contained comparable amounts of lignin-like epitopes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050601
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical composition of apoplastic transport barriers in relation to radial hydraulic conductivity of corn roots (Zea mays L.) (2000)
    Springer
    Planta 210 (2000), S. 302-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Apoplastic barrier – Endodermis – Exodermis – Hydraulic conductivity – Lignin – Suberin –Zea (root, water transport)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The hydraulic conductivity of roots (Lpr) of 6- to 8-d-old maize seedlings has been related to the chemical composition of apoplastic transport barriers in the endodermis and hypodermis (exodermis), and to the hydraulic conductivity of root cortical cells. Roots were cultivated in two different ways. When grown in aeroponic culture, they developed an exodermis (Casparian band in the hypodermal layer), which was missing in roots from hydroponics. The development of Casparian bands and suberin lamellae was observed by staining with berberin-aniline-blue and Sudan-III. The compositions of suberin and lignin were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively after depolymerization (BF3/methanol-transesterification, thioacidolysis) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Root Lpr was measured using the root pressure probe, and the hydraulic conductivity of cortical cells (Lp) using the cell pressure probe. Roots from the two cultivation methods differed significantly in (i) the Lpr evaluated from hydrostatic relaxations (factor of 1.5), and (ii) the amounts of lignin and aliphatic suberin in the hypodermal layer of the apical root zone. Aliphatic suberin is thought to be the major reason for the hydrophobic properties of apoplastic barriers and for their relatively low permeability to water. No differences were found in the amounts of suberin in the hypodermal layers of basal root zones and in the endodermal layer. In order to verify that changes in root Lpr were not caused by changes in hydraulic conductivity at the membrane level, cell Lp was measured as well. No differences were found in the Lp values of cells from roots cultivated by the two different methods. It was concluded that changes in the hydraulic conductivity of the apoplastic rather than of the cell-to-cell path were causing the observed changes in root Lpr.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008138
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ontogenetic and seasonal development of wax composition and cuticular transpiration of ivy (Hedera helix L.) sun and shade leaves (1998)
    Springer
    Planta 207 (1998), S. 67-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Cuticle (transpiration ; waxes) ; Hedera ; Transpiration (cuticular) ; Water permeance ; Wax (cuticular)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The ontogenetic and seasonal development of wax composition and cuticular transpiration of sun and shade leaves of ivy (Hedera helix L.) was analysed by investigating leaves varying in age between 4 and 202 d. It was discovered that the total amount of solvent-extractable wax was composed of two distinct fractions, separable by column chromatography: (i) a less polar or apolar monomeric wax fraction consisting of the typical linear, long-chain aliphatics usually described as cuticular wax components and (ii) a polar, oligomeric wax fraction consisting of primary alcohols and acids mostly esterified to C12-, C14- and C16-ω-hydroxyfatty acids. The apolar wax fraction, which could be analysed directly by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), exhibited pronounced seasonal changes in composition. Wax amounts in the apolar fraction reached a maximum after about 30 d and gradually decreased again during the remaining period of the season investigated. In contrast, the polar wax fraction, which was analysable by GC-MS only after transesterification, rapidly increased early in the season, reaching a plateau after 40 d, and then remained constant during the rest of the season. Thus, total amounts of solvent-extractable cuticular waxes, which can be determined gravimetrically, will only be detected by GC-MS after fractionation and transesterification, a methodological approach rarely applied in the past in cuticular wax analysis. Additionally, investigation of the cutin polymer matrix after depolymerisation through transesterification, revealed that only those primary alcohols and acids forming an essential part of the apolar and the polar wax fractions were esterified during the investigated season and incorporated in increasing amounts into the cutin polymer matrix (matrix-bound wax fraction). Thus, it can be concluded that a complete analysis of cuticular wax of ivy and its seasonal development can only be achieved if all the relevant fractions (i) the less polar or apolar, (ii) the polar and (iii) the wax fraction bound to the cutin polymer matrix are investigated. Cuticular transpiration rapidly decreased within the first 30 d and essentially remained constant during the rest of the season. Thus, changes in cuticular water permeability were closely correlated with the most prominent changes in wax amounts and composition occurring during the first 30 d of ontogenetic leaf development. However, during the remainder of the year, up to 202 d, cuticular transport properties remained constant, although significant quantitative and qualitative changes in cuticular wax composition continued to occur. Thus, our study clearly demonstrated that there will be no simple relationship between chemical composition of cuticular waxes and transport properties of isolated ivy leaf cuticles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050456
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase transitions and thermal expansion coefficients of plant cuticles (1990)
    Springer
    Planta 182 (1990), S. 186-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cutin ; Cuticle (membrane, density) ; Expansion coefficient ; Phase transition (cuticular membrane) ; Wax
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The temperature-induced volume expansion of enzymatically isolated cuticular membranes of twelve plant species was measured. All cuticular membranes exhibited distinct second-order phase transitions in the temperature range of about 40 to 50° C. Increases in the volumes of fruit cuticles (Lycopersicon, Cucumis, Capsicum, Solanum and Malus) were fully reversible, while leaf cuticular membranes (Ficus, Hedera, Nerium, Olea, Pyrus, Picea and Citrus) underwent irreversible structural changes. Below the phase-transition temperature, volumetric expansion coefficients ranged from 0.39·10−6 m3·kg−1·K−1 to 0.62·10−6 m3·kg−1·K−1, and above from 0.60·106 m3·kg−1·K\-1 to 1.41· 10−6 m3·kg−1·K−1. Densities of cuticles at 25° C ranged from 1020 kg·m−3 to 1370 kg·m−3. Expansion coefficients and phase transitions were characteristic properties of the polymer matrix as a composite material, rather than of cutin alone. It is argued that the sudden increase of water permeability above the transition temperature, is caused by an increase of disorder at the interface between the polymer matrix and the soluble cuticular lipids. Possible ecological and physiological consequences of these results for living plants are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197109
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical composition of Casparian strips isolated from Clivia miniata Reg. roots: evidence for lignin (1996)
    Springer
    Planta 199 (1996), S. 596-601 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Casparian strip ; Clivia ; Endodermis ; Lignin ; Root ; Suberin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Endodermal cell walls and xylem vessels were isolated enzymatically from Clivia miniata Reg. roots. Transmission-electron-microscopic investigation of cross-sections of intact C. miniata roots and scanning-electron-microscopic investigation of isolated endodermal cell walls indicated that the root endodermis of C. miniata is essentially in its primary state of development. Isolated Casparian strips and xylem vessels were subjected to two different degradation methods usually applied to prove the existence of lignin, namely, cupric oxide oxidation and thioacidolysis. The reaction products obtained were typical aromatic derivatives of the natural lignin precursors coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols, and, in traces, of p-coumaryl alcohol, indicating the occurrence of lignin in the polymers from both Casparian strips and xylem vessels. The qualitative chemical compositions of the polymers from the two sources were similar, whereas the quantitative compositions were different, indicating that the molecular structure of the lignin polymer in the Casparian strips was different from that in the xylem vessels. Thus, for the first time, direct chemical evidence has been obtained that Casparian strips of C. miniata roots contain lignin as a major cell wall polymer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195192
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