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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Description: Cooperation in biological, social, and economic groups is underpinned by public goods that are generated by group members at some personal cost. Theory predicts that public goods will be exploited by cheaters who benefit from the goods by not paying for them, thereby leading to the collapse of cooperation. This...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2012-04-17
    Description: This study investigated, in on-reserve First Nations (FN) youth in Ontario, Canada, the following: (a) the intakes of vegetable and fruit, “other” foods and relevant nutrients as compared to current recommendations and national averages, (b) current prevalence rates of overweight and obesity and (c) the relationship between latitude and dietary intakes. Twenty-four-hour diet recalls were collected via the Waterloo Web-Based Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (WEB-Q) (n = 443). Heights and weights of participants were self reported using measured values and Body Mass Index was categorized using the International Obesity Task Force cutoffs. Food group and nutrient intakes were compared to current standards, Southern Ontario Food Behaviour data and the Canadian Community Health Survey, Cycle 2.2, using descriptive statistics. Mean vegetable and fruit, fibre and folate intakes were less than current recommendations. Girls aged 14–18 years had mean intakes of vitamin A below current recommendations for this sub-group; for all sub-groups, mean intakes of vegetables and fruit were below Canadian averages. All sub-groups also had intakes of all nutrients and food groups investigated that were less than those observed in non-FN youth from Southern Ontario, with the exception of “other” foods in boys 12–18 years. Prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 31.8% and 19.6%, respectively, exceeding rates in the general population. Dietary intakes did not vary consistently by latitude (n = 248), as revealed by ANOVA. This study provided a unique investigation of the dietary intakes of on-reserve FN youth in Ontario and revealed poor intakes of vegetables and fruit and related nutrients and high intakes of “other” foods. Prevalence rates of overweight and obesity exceed those of the general population.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2015-03-11
    Description: A complex consisting of evolutionarily conserved FD, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) proteins is a regulator of floral transition. Intriguingly, FT orthologs are also implicated in developmental transitions distinct from flowering, such as photoperiodic control of bulbing in onions, potato tuberization, and growth cessation in trees. However, whether an FT–FD complex...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2001-03-27
    Description: Expanded polyglutamine repeats have been proposed to cause neuronal degeneration in Huntington's disease (HD) and related disorders, through abnormal interactions with other proteins containing short polyglutamine tracts such as the transcriptional coactivator CREB binding protein, CBP. We found that CBP was depleted from its normal nuclear location and was present in polyglutamine aggregates in HD cell culture models, HD transgenic mice, and human HD postmortem brain. Expanded polyglutamine repeats specifically interfere with CBP-activated gene transcription, and overexpression of CBP rescued polyglutamine-induced neuronal toxicity. Thus, polyglutamine-mediated interference with CBP-regulated gene transcription may constitute a genetic gain of function, underlying the pathogenesis of polyglutamine disorders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nucifora , F C Jr -- Sasaki, M -- Peters, M F -- Huang, H -- Cooper, J K -- Yamada, M -- Takahashi, H -- Tsuji, S -- Troncoso, J -- Dawson, V L -- Dawson, T M -- Ross, C A -- NS16375/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS34172/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS37090/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS38144/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2423-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11264541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; CREB-Binding Protein ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Huntington Disease/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Neurons/cytology/*metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Peptides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid ; Trans-Activators/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2002-08-17
    Description: Transient interactions of platelet-receptor glycoprotein Ibalpha (GpIbalpha) and the plasma protein von Willebrand factor (VWF) reduce platelet velocity at sites of vascular damage and play a role in haemostasis and thrombosis. Here we present structures of the GpIbalpha amino-terminal domain and its complex with the VWF domain A1. In the complex, GpIbalpha wraps around one side of A1, providing two contact areas bridged by an area of solvated charge interaction. The structures explain the effects of gain-of-function mutations related to bleeding disorders and provide a model for shear-induced activation. These detailed insights into the initial interactions in platelet adhesion are relevant to the development of antithrombotic drugs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huizinga, Eric G -- Tsuji, Shizuko -- Romijn, Roland A P -- Schiphorst, Marion E -- de Groot, Philip G -- Sixma, Jan J -- Gros, Piet -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 16;297(5584):1176-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands. e.g.huizinga@chem.uu.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12183630" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Bernard-Soulier Syndrome/genetics/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Blood Platelets/metabolism/physiology ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Platelet Adhesiveness ; Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid ; Static Electricity ; von Willebrand Diseases/genetics/metabolism ; von Willebrand Factor/*chemistry/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-04-15
    Description: A flywheel motor-generator (MG) for the toroidal field (TF) coils of a small fusion device was developed which utilizes a commercially available squirrel-cage induction motor. Advantages of the MG are comparably-long duration, quick power response, and easy implementation of power control compared with conventional capacitor-type power supply. A 55-kW MG was fabricated, and TF coils of a small fusion device were energized. The duration of the current flat-top was extended to 1 s which is much longer than those of conventional small devices (around 10–100 ms).
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7623
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2012-05-03
    Description: This study investigated, in on-reserve First Nations (FN) youth in Ontario, Canada, the following: (a) the intakes of vegetable and fruit, “other” foods and relevant nutrients as compared to current recommendations and national averages, (b) current prevalence rates of overweight and obesity and (c) the relationship between latitude and dietary intakes. Twenty-four-hour diet recalls were collected via the Waterloo Web-Based Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (WEB-Q) (n = 443). Heights and weights of participants were self reported using measured values and Body Mass Index was categorized using the International Obesity Task Force cutoffs. Food group and nutrient intakes were compared to current standards, Southern Ontario Food Behaviour data and the Canadian Community Health Survey, Cycle 2.2, using descriptive statistics. Mean vegetable and fruit, fibre and folate intakes were less than current recommendations. Girls aged 14–18 years had mean intakes of vitamin A below current recommendations for this sub-group; for all sub-groups, mean intakes of vegetables and fruit were below Canadian averages. All sub-groups also had intakes of all nutrients and food groups investigated that were less than those observed in non-FN youth from Southern Ontario, with the exception of “other” foods in boys 12–18 years. Prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 31.8% and 19.6%, respectively, exceeding rates in the general population. Dietary intakes did not vary consistently by latitude (n = 248), as revealed by ANOVA. This study provided a unique investigation of the dietary intakes of on-reserve FN youth in Ontario and revealed poor intakes of vegetables and fruit and related nutrients and high intakes of “other” foods. Prevalence rates of overweight and obesity exceed those of the general population.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2013-02-26
    Description: Human sialidase 2 (NEU2) is a cytoplasmic sialidase that degrades sialylglycoconjugates, including glycoproteins and gangliosides, via hydrolysis of terminal sialic acids to produce asialo-type molecules. Here, we first report the inhibitory effects of a series of synthetic sialyldendrimers comprising three types [Dumbbell(1)6- S -Neu5Ac 6 , Fan(0)3- S -Neu5Ac 3 and Ball(0)4- S -NeuAc 4 ] toward recombinant human NEU2 in vitro. Among them, Dumbbell(1)6- S -Neu5Ac 6 exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity (concentration causing 50% inhibition (IC 50 ), 0.4 ~ 0.5 mM). In addition, NeuSLac and NeuSCel carrying thiosialyltrisaccharide moieties exhibited more potent inhibitory effects than NeuSGal and NeuSGlc carrying thiosialyldisaccharides. Docking models composed of NEU2 and the thiosialyloligosaccharide suggested that the active pocket of NEU2 prefers the second galactose-β (Galβ) to the glucose-β (Glcβ) residue in the trisaccharide structure, there being a hydrogen bond between the 4-hydroxy group of the second Galβ and the side chain of the D46 residue of NEU2. The third Glcβ residues of NeuSLac and NeuSCel were also predicted to be stabilized by hydrogen bonds with the side chains of the R21, R304, D358 and Y359 residues of NEU2. NEU2 mutants (D358A and Y359A) exhibited reduced affinity for NeuSLac carrying thiosialyltrisaccharide moieties, suggesting the significant roles of D358 and Y359 residues in recognition of thiosialyltrisaccharide moieties of NeuSLac bound in the active pocket of NEU2. Thus, the present sialyldendrimers could be utilized not only as a new class of NEU2 inhibitors but also as molecular probes for evaluating the biological functions of NEU2, including the catalytic activity and mechanism as to natural substrates carrying sialyloligosaccharides.
    Print ISSN: 0959-6658
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2423
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Gels are a soft elastic material consisting of a three-dimensional polymer network with nanometer-sized pores and are used in a variety of applications. However, gel networks typically have a substantial level of defects because the network formation reaction proceeds stochastically. In this study, we present a general scheme to fabricate gels with extremely low levels of defects by applying geometric constraints into pregel solution based on the "bond percolation" concept. In the formed gel, stationary laser speckles, which are an indicator of spatial defects, were not observed at all. In addition, we found that the concentration fluctuations of the polymer chains were ergodic across the whole gel network. In such a homogeneous gel, both the spatial and temporal correlations of polymer chains are the same before and after gelation.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2015-02-26
    Description: Floral induction is a crucial developmental step in higher plants. Florigen, a mobile floral activator that is synthesized in the leaf and transported to the shoot apex, was recently identified as a protein encoded by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and its orthologs; the rice florigen is Heading date 3a (Hd3a)...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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