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  • 1
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    Relationships between fault geometry, slip rate variability and earthquake recurrence in extensional settings (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Field observations and modelling indicate that elastic interaction between active faults can lead to variations in earthquake recurrence intervals measured on timescales of 102–104 yr. Fault geometry strongly influences the nature of the interaction between adjacent structures as it controls the spatial redistribution of stress when rupture occurs. In this paper, we use a previously published numerical model for elastic interaction between spontaneously growing faults to investigate the relationships between fault geometry, fault slip rate variations and the statistics of earthquake recurrence. These relationships develop and become systematic as a long-term consequence of stress redistribution in individual rupture events even though on short timescales earthquake activity appears to be stochastic. We characterize fault behaviour using the coefficient of variation (CV) of earthquake recurrence intervals and introduce a new measure, slip-rate variability (SRV) that takes into account the size and time ordering of slip events. CV generally increases when the strain is partitioned on more than one fault but the relationship between long-term fault slip rate (SRmean) and CV is poorly defined. In contrast, SRV increases systematically where faulting is more distributed and SRmean is lower. To first order, SRV is inversely proportional to SRmean. We also extract earthquake recurrence statistics and compare these to previously published probability density functions used in earthquake forecasting. The histograms of earthquake recurrence vary systematically as a function of fault geometry and are best characterized by a Weibull distribution with fitting parameters that vary from site to site along the fault array. We explain these phenomena in terms of a time-varying, geometrical control on stress loading of individual faults arising from the history of elastic interactions and compare our results with published data on SRV and earthquake recurrence along normal faults in New Zealand and in the Italian Apennines. Our results suggest that palaeoseismic data should be collected and analysed with structural geometry in mind and that information on SRV, CV and SRmean should be integrated with data from earthquake catalogues when evaluating seismic hazard.
    Description: Published
    Description: 143-160
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Palaeoseismology;Continentaltectonics:extensional;Dynamicsandmechanics of faulting. ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Structural and seismological segmentation of the Gulf of Corinth fault system: implications for models of fault growth (2006)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: The positions and dimensions of fault segments within the Gulf of Corinth fault system have been identified by analysing spatial variation in fault displacements and fault kinematics. Growth of these fault segments is assessed by comparing their geometry and kinematics with the geometry and kinematics of the three sets of earthquake surface ruptures that are known to have affected the area in the last -200 years. Areas along the Gulf of Corinth fault system exhibiting low fault displacement (tens of metres) are identified as persistent segment boundaries which separate the fault system into a number of fault segments characterised by displacements which achieve maxima of -3 km. Fault-slip directions defined by lineations on fault planes vary systematicalIy with fault displacement, showing a converging pattem towards the hanging-walls of the fault segments: the fault-slip directions change by -90° across persistent segment boundaries. It is unclear where fault segments end and persistent segment boundaries begin, but if the persistent segment boundaries are considered to be -10-15 km across, the intervening fault segments achieve lengths of 30-35 km. In contrast known surface ruptures during the last -200 years, including those for the 1995 Egion earthquakes, have all been 〈 15 km in Length. these so-caIled earthquake segmens are, therefore, considerably shorter than the fault segmentss that hosted the earthquakes. Also, the positions of earthquake segments have varied relative to the positions of the fault segments during successive earthquakes. It appears, therefore, that a Modified Overlap Model is more appropriate than the Characteristic Earthquake Model to describe the seismological behaviour of fault segments around the Gulf of Corinth through a number of earthquake cycles. A pattern of coseismic slip vectors converging towards the hanging-wall has been measured for the surface ruptures to 1995 Egion earthquakes; a similar pattern was noted for the 1981 Alkyonides earthquake ruptures. Repetition of such ruptures in different positions along fault segments, in accordance with a Modified Overlap Model, will produce systematic variations in the scatter of fault-slip directions, with fault displacement. Thus, scatter in the orientations of lineations on fault planes may contain information concerning the lengths and positions of numerous pre-historic earthquake segments; information which may be used to constrain both the palaeoseismology and the future seismjcity in areas of active extension.
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: segmentation ; fault-slip data ; surface ruptures ; characteristic earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
    Format: 10000197 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
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    Distributed normal faulting in the tip zone of the South Alkyonides Fault System, Gulf of Corinth, constrained using 36Cl exposure dating of late-Quaternary wave-cut platforms (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: The geometry, rates and kinematics of active faulting in the region close to the tip of a major crustal-scale normal fault in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece, are investigated using detailed fault mapping and new absolute dating. Fault offsets have been dated using a combination of 234U/230Th coral dates and in situ 36Cl cosmogenic exposure ages for sediments and wave-cut platforms deformed by the faults. Our results show that deformation in the tip zone is distributed across as many as eight faults arranged within ~700 m across strike, each of which deforms deposits and landforms associated with the 125 ka marine terrace of Marine Isotope Stage 5e. Summed throw-rates across strike achieve values as high as 0.3–1.6 mm/yr, values that are comparable to those at the centre of the crustal-scale fault (2–3 mm/yr from Holocene palaeoseismology and 3–4 mm/yr from GPS geodesy). The relatively high deformation rate and distributed deformation in the tip zone are discussed in terms of stress enhancement from rupture of neighbouring crustal-scale faults and in terms of how this should be considered during fault-based seismic hazard assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104063
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Crustal Deformation ; Active Faults ; Absolute Dating ; Marine terraces
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    The Relationships Between Regional Quaternary Uplift, Deformation Across Active Normal Faults, and Historical Seismicity in the Upper Plate of Subduction Zones: The Capo D'Orlando Fault, NE Sicily (2023)
    Wiley-AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: In order to investigate the deformation within the upper plate of the Calabrian subduction zone, we have mapped and modeled a sequence of Late Quaternary paleoshorelines tectonically deformed by the Capo D'Orlando normal fault, NE Sicily, which forms part of the actively deforming Calabrian Arc. In addition to the 1908 Messina Strait earthquake (Mw 7.1), this region has experienced damaging earthquakes, possibly on the Capo D'Orlando Fault; however, it is not considered by some to be a potential seismogenic source. Uplifted Quaternary paleoshorelines are preserved on the hangingwall of the Capo D'Orlando Fault, indicating that hangingwall subsidence is counteracted by regional uplift, likely because of deformation associated with subduction/collision. We attempt to constrain the relationship between regional uplift, crustal extensional processes, and historical seismicity, and we quantify both the normal and regional deformation signals. We report uplift variations along the strike of the fault and use a synchronous correlation technique to assign ages to paleoshorelines, facilitating calculation of uplift rates and the fault throw rate. Uplift rates in the hangingwall increase from 0.4 mm/year in the center of the fault to 0.89 mm/year beyond its SW fault tip, suggesting 0.5 mm/year of fault-related subsidence, which implies a throw rate of 0.63 ± 0.02 mm/year, and significant seismic hazard. Overall, we emphasize that upper plate extension and related vertical motions complicate the process of deriving information on the subduction/collision process, such as coupling and slip distribution on the subduction interface, parameters that are commonly inferred for other subduction zones without considering upper plate deformation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1231–1255
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: normal-faulting; palaeoshorelines; Quaternary; sea-level changes; synchronous correlation method; uplift-rate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    The implications of revised Quaternary palaeoshoreline chronologies for the rates of active extension and uplift in the upper plate of subduction zones (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: We demonstrate a synchronous correlation technique to determine the chronology of Quaternary palaeoshorelines to test proposed relationships between tectonics, climate and sea-level change. The elevations of marine palaeoshorelines in Calabria around the active Vibo normal fault have been measured from TIN DEM 10 m data and fieldwork and correlated with global sea-level curves. A synchronous correlation method and new U/Th dates are used to ascertain how the slip-rate on the fault relates to uplift rates across the region. Regional uplift, possibly associated with subduction along the Calabrian trench or due to the cumulative effect of closely-spaced active normal faults, is rapid enough to uplift even the hangingwall of the Vibo normal fault; the actual value for the rate of background uplift can only be ascertained once the rate of slip on the Vibo fault is subtracted. Synchronous correlation of multiple palaeoshorelines sampled along 29 elevation profiles with global sea-levels shows that the resultant uplift rate (background uplift minus local hangingwall subsidence) is constant through time from 0 to 340 ka, and not fluctuating by a factor of 4 as previously suggested. The uplift rate increases from 0.4 mm/yr at the centre of the hangingwall of the fault to 1.75 mm/yr in the hangingwall in the vicinity of the fault tip. Palaeoshorelines can be traced from the hangingwall to the footwall around the fault tip and hence correlated across the fault. The throw-rate on the fault averaged over 340 ka decreases from a maximum at the centre of the fault (1 mm/yr) to zero at the tip. This gradient in throw-rate explains the spatial variation in resultant uplift rates along the fault. We interpret the 1.75 mm/yr resultant uplift rate at and beyond the fault tip as the signature of a regional uplift, presumably related to subduction, although we cannot exclude the possibility that other local faults influence this uplift; the lower uplift rates in the hangingwall of the fault are due to interaction between “regional” uplift and subsidence associated with the local active normal faulting. We discuss (a) how our synchronous correlation technique should trigger a re-appraisal of palaeoshoreline chronologies worldwide, and (b) the implications for the tectonics and seismic hazard of Calabria, suggesting that perturbations in the uplift-rate field are a key criterion to map the locations of active faults, their deformation rates, and hence seismic hazard above subduction zones.
    Description: Published
    Description: 169-187
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Active faults; Palaeoshorelines; Quaternary sea-level; Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
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    Out of phase Quaternary uplift-rate changes reveal normal fault interaction, implied by deformed marine palaeoshorelines (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-15
    Description: We have mapped and constrained the timing of tectonically deformed uplifted Late Quaternary palaeoshorelines in the Messina Strait, southern Italy, an area above a subduction zone containing active normal faults. The palaeoshorelines are preserved from up to thirteen Late Quaternary sea-level highstands, providing a record of the deformation over this timescale (~500 ka) for the Messina-Taormina Fault, the Reggio Calabria Fault and the Armo Fault. The palaeoshorelines reveal spatial patterns of uplift through time along the strike of these normal faults, and, given the across strike arrangement of the faults, also reveal how the contribution of each fault to the regional strain-rate progressed through time. The results reveal that the uplift rates mapped within the fault hangingwalls and footwalls were not constant through time, with a marked change in the location of strain accumulation at ~50 ka. The uplift rates, once converted into throw-rates, imply that the three faults comprised similar throw-rates prior to ~50 ka (in the range 0.77–0.96 mm/yr), with the Armo and Reggio Calabria faults then switching to lower rates (0.32 mm/yr and 0.33 mm/yr respectively), whilst the Messina-Taormina Fault accelerated to 2.34 mm/yr. The regional extension rate, gained by summing the implied heave rates across the three faults, was maintained through time despite this re-organisation of local strain accumulation at ~50 ka. We explain these out-of-phase fault throw-rate changes during the constant-rate regional extension conditions as due to interactions between these upper plate normal faults. We finally discuss how fault throw-rates changing through time may affect a long-term seismic hazard assessment within active normal fault systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105432
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Crustal Deformation ; Active Faults ; Marine terraces ; Uplift ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Surface ruptures following the 30 October 2016 Mw 6.5 Norcia earthquake, central Italy (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-25
    Description: We present a 1:25,000 scale map of the coseismic surface ruptures following the 30 October 2016 M-w 6.5 Norcia normal-faulting earthquake, central Italy. Detailed rupture mapping is based on almost 11,000 oblique photographs taken from helicopter flights, that has been verified and integrated with field data (〉7000 measurements). Thanks to the common efforts of the Open EMERGEO Working Group (130 people, 25 research institutions and universities from Europe), we were able to document a complex surface faulting pattern with a dominant strike of N135 degrees-160 degrees (SW-dipping) and a subordinate strike of N320 degrees-345 degrees (NE-dipping) along about 28km of the active Mt. Vettore-Mt. Bove fault system. Geometric and kinematic characteristics of the rupture were observed and recorded along closely spaced, parallel or subparallel, overlapping or step-like synthetic and antithetic fault splays of the activated fault systems, comprising a total surface rupture length of approximately 46km when all ruptures were considered.
    Description: Published
    Description: 151-160
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: 2SR TERREMOTI - Gestione delle emergenze sismiche e da maremoto
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
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    A database of the coseismic effects following the 30 October 2016 Norcia earthquake in Central Italy (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-25
    Description: We provide a database of the coseismic geological surface effects following the Mw 6.5 Norcia earthquake that hit central Italy on 30 October 2016. This was one of the strongest seismic events to occur in Europe in the past thirty years, causing complex surface ruptures over an area of 〉400 km2. The database originated from the collaboration of several European teams (Open EMERGEO Working Group; about 130 researchers) coordinated by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. The observations were collected by performing detailed field surveys in the epicentral region in order to describe the geometry and kinematics of surface faulting, and subsequently of landslides and other secondary coseismic effects. The resulting database consists of homogeneous georeferenced records identifying 7323 observation points, each of which contains 18 numeric and string fields of relevant information. This database will impact future earthquake studies focused on modelling of the seismic processes in active extensional settings, updating probabilistic estimates of slip distribution, and assessing the hazard of surface faulting.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 180049
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 9
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    The performance of differential point positioning using low-cost GNSS in comparison to DInSAR for monitoring coseismic displacement of the Provenzana–Pernicana fault system (Mt. Etna, 2018 December eruptive phase) (2023)
    Oxford University Press - The Royal Astronomical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-30
    Description: Mt. Etna is a perfect laboratory for testing new approaches and new technologies in a very active geodynamic environment. It offers, in fact, the opportunity for measuring active crustal deformation, related to volcanic activity as well as to seismic faulting on its flanks. In this work, a network of low-cost/low-power Global Navigation Satellite System stations has been installed and tested on Mt. Etna, across a very active fault, the Provenzana–Pernicana system, cutting its north-eastern flank. During the test period, a lateral eruption occurred (starting on 2018 December 24), with a forceful dyke intrusion that stressed all the flanks of the volcano, soliciting all the main faults dissecting the edifice. Also the Provenzana–Pernicana fault system, where this network was recording, was activated during the dyke intrusion, producing a significant seismic swarm. The low-cost/low-power network data analysis allowed the fault slip during the intrusion to be clearly traced in time and space at all the stations lying on the hangingwall mobile block of the fault. All the stations lying south of the fault trace showed an eastward displacement, in very good agreement with the usual kinematics of the fault and the temporal duration of the M 3.5 December 24 earthquake, related to the seaward dislocation of the eastern mobile flank of the volcano, promoted and accelerated by dyke emplacement on the upper part of the edifice.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1012-1023
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Geodetic instrumentation ; Satellite geodesy ; Time-series analysis ; 04.03. Geodesy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Quaternary uplift of palaeoshorelines in southwestern Crete: the combined effect of extensional and compressional faulting (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: We undertake spatio-temporal analysis on sequences of Pleistocene palaeoshorelines in southwestern Crete where deformed Holocene marine notches have predominantly been suggested to be linked to coseismic uplift from the 365 CE Mw 〉 8 earthquake. Previous investigations into the Holocene notches have been used to infer that the dominant mechanism of uplift may be slip either on a reverse crustal fault or on the subduction interface. However, seismic reflection studies attest to the presence of numerous active offshore extensional faults whose role in the long-term deformation is unclear. The relative contributions of upper-plate extensional and compressional faults to the overall deformation can be assessed through the study of uplifted and deformed Late Quaternary palaeoshorelines. New 36Cl exposure dating on wave-cut platforms and palaeoshoreline mapping are combined with existing age controls to facilitate investigation into the deformed Late Quaternary palaeoshorelines. We observe that the Late Quaternary uplift rates increase from west (0.61 mm/yr) to east (0.83 mm/yr) over ∼20 km, a spatial uplift pattern that is inconsistent with published vertical deformation models of slip solely on the subduction interface or on a reverse crustal fault. Elastic half-space modelling suggests that an offshore extensional fault may also contribute to the uplift. We conclude that a combination of active extensional and compressional faults may be responsible for Late Quaternary uplift across southwestern Crete.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108240
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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