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  • 1
    Call number: M 03.0624
    In: Memoir
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: v, 111 S.
    ISBN: 1919908102
    Series Statement: Memoir / Council for Geoscience, South Africa 92
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 66 (1999), S. 5-23 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Vredefort Dom ist ein Gebiet von signifikantem (ca. 10 km), strukturellem Uplift im Zentralbereich des wirtschaftlich bedeutungsvollen Witwatersrand-Beckens. Die Ges-teine des Doms haben höhere Metamorphosebedingungen erfahren als die stratigraphisch äquivalenten Lagen, die im Randbereich des Beckens aufgeschlossen sind. Kürzlich durchgeführte Untersuchungen dieser mittel-bis hochgradigen Metamorphose und neueste Ergebnisse zur Entstehung des Domes haben einen Beitrag zu einem Metamorphose-Modell für das gesamte Witwatersrand-Becken geleistet. Diese neuen Befunde zeigen, daß die Gold-hältigen Gesteinsschichten zumindest zwei metamorphe Ereignisse vor ca. 2 Ga erfahren haben. Die ungewöhnlich hohen Beanspruchungsraten und die Stoßwellendeformationsstrukturen, die in den Gesteinen des Doms belegt sind, sprechen gegen einen endogenen Ursprung durch tektonische oder diapirische Prozesse. Neuere Arbeiten an diesen Phänomenen haben gezeigt, daß der Dom am besten als die zentrale Struktureinheit (‘Zentralberg’) einer sehr grossen, 250–300 km weiten und 2023±4 Ma alten Meteoriteneinschlagsstruktur verstanden werden kann, deren Ausmaß eng mit den jetzigen Grenzen des Witwatersrand-Beckens übereinstimmt. Die Gegenwart von Impakt-bezogenen Deformationsstrukturen in Vredefort-Gesteinen erlaubt es, die metamorphen Texturen, die während eines hochgradigen, mit dem 2.05–2.06 Ga Bushveld Magmatismus korrelierten, metamorphen Stadiums vor dem Impaktereignis entstanden sind, von den Texturen zu trennen, die ein statisch metamorphes Ereignis von etwas geringerer Stärke, das nach dem Impakt stattfand, produzierte. Die Spuren des post-Impakt Ereignisses nehmen in ihrer Stärke zum Rand des Domes ab. Dieser Effekt wird durch eine massive Störung der thermischen Krusten-Struktur erklärt, die als Resultat einer Kombination von Impakt-induzierter Exhumierung, von Schock-Aufheizung der Krustengesteine, und von Erwärmung durch einen gewaltigen, jetzt erodierten Impaktschmelzgesteinskörper gesehen wird.
    Notes: Summary The Vredefort Dome represents an area of significant (∼ 10 km) structural uplift within the central parts of the economically important Witwatersrand Basin. Its rocks experienced higher grades of metamorphism than the equivalent stratigraphic horizons exposed around the periphery of the basin. Recent studies of this medium- to high-grade metamorphism, as well as new evidence concerning the origin of the dome, have contributed to a metamorphic model for the Witwatersrand Basin as a whole. This evidence shows that the gold-bearing strata experienced at least two metamorphic events at ca. 2 Ga. The unusually high strain rate and shock deformation features exposed in the rocks of the dome rule out an endogenous origin by tectonic or diapiric processes. Recent work on these features has shown that the dome is best explained as the central uplift of a large, 250–300 km diameter, 2023±44 Ma old meteorite impact structure, the extent of which closely correlates with the present-day limits of the Witwatersrand Basin. Impact-related deformation features in the Vredefort rocks facilitate the separation of metamorphic textures developed during a pre-impact event associated with the 2.05–2.06 Ga Bushveld magmatism, and textures developed during a slightly lower-grade, post-impact, static overprint. The post-impact overprint decreases in intensity outwards from the dome. It is attributed to the massive disturbance of the thermal structure of the crust by impact-induced exhumation, and to shock heating of the rocks as a consequence of the impact event.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Pseudotachylitische Brekzien, entweder an schicht-parallelen oder normalen Verwerfungen, kommen häufig im nördlichen und nordwestlichen Teil des Gold- und Uranreichen Witwatersrand Beckens in Südafrika vor. Man hat sie hauptsächlich von einem tangentialen Bereich um den Vredefort Dom beschrieben. Der Dom ist der tieferodierte Rest der zentralen Aufwölbung der Vredefort Impaktstruktur, die ursprünglich linen Durchmesser von mindestens 250 Km hatte. Einige dieser Verwerfungszonen wurden entlang von Traversen beprobt, die Verwerfungsbrekzien sowie deren Nebengesteine beinhalteten, und geochemisch mit dem Ziel untersucht, die Prozesse bei der Brekzien-Bildung und die zeitlichen Verhältnisse von Verwerfungen und regionalgeologischen Ereignissen zu erfassen. Petrographische Analysen zeigten, daß die Verwerfungszonen im Zusammenhang mit der Brekzierungsphase stark hydrothermal überprägt wurden (ein Prozess, der daher als Autometasomatose bezeichnet wird) und eine zweite Überprägungsphase erfahren haben, die nach der Brekzierung stattfand. Es wird gezeigt, daß sowohl Mischung von wenigstens zwei Mutter-Gesteinskomponenten und Flüssigkeitsüberprägung, die Verwerfungszonen und Nebengesteine betraf, wichtige Rollen in der Bestimmung der chemischen Charakteristiken der untersuchten Zonen spielten. Viele Elemente, darunter Gold und Uran, wurden durch diese Prozesse lokal mobilisiert und wieder abgelagert. Diese Verwerfungszonen, von denen einige eine beckenweite Bedeutung besitzen, agierten als wichtige Kanäle für Flüssigkeiten, die die Verbreitung von wichtigen Metallen im Witwatersrand Becken modifizieren konnten. Da unsere Untersuchungsorte weit voneinander getrennt liegen, muß angenommen werden, daß diese Prozesse wenigstens weite Teile des Beckens beeinflußten. Da jedoch die chemischen Charakteristika der untersuchten Zonen von Fall zu Fall unterschiedlich sind, liegt die Vermutung nahe, daß Metalle höchstens lokal mobilisiert und umgelagert wurden und daß dies vermutlich im wesentlichen in der Nähe von existierenden Reefs stattfand. Es ist ferner klar, daß die Umlagerung von Metallen auf die unmittelbaren Bereiche dieser Verwerfungszonen beschränkt war.
    Notes: Summary Pseudotachylitic breccias, associated with either bedding-parallel or normal faults, are abundant in the northern and northwestern parts of the gold- and uranium-rich Witwatersrand Basin in South Africa. They are particularly abundant in a zone tangential to the Vredefort Dome, a structure which is now widely accepted to be the eroded remnant of the central uplift of the originally 250 to 300 km wide Vredefort impact structure. Several of these fault zones were sampled along vertical traverses that included both fault breccias and host rocks. Geochemical analyses were undertaken to investigate the processes involved in fault rock formation. In addition, the temporal relationships of fault activity to regional geological events was studied. Detailed petrographic analysis shows evidence for strong hydrothermal overprints of the faults related to breccia formation (thus termed ‘autometasomatism’), as well as post-formational alteration. Mixing between two or more precursor lithologies and fluid alteration affected both the fault zones and their wall-rocks. A wide spectrum of trace elements, including Au and U, has been locally mobilised and redeposited by these processes. These fault zones, some of which are of basin-wide significance, were important channels for fluids that also modified the distribution of base metals in the Witwatersrand Basin. The regionally separated locations of our study areas suggest that these processes affected at least a major part of the basin. However, as the chemical characteristics determined for the fault zones differ from site to site, it is likely that the metals were only locally remobilised in the vicinity of fault zones or to previously hydrothermally altered country rock. Subsequent redeposition of metals was limited to the regimes in and around such fault zones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 76 (1981), S. 73-76 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Rb-Sr composition of eight melt rock and three basement samples from the East Clearwater impact structure, Quebec, and two basement samples from the West Clearwater structure has been determined. The whole rock 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the melt samples, 0.7167–0.7253, are within the range of the basement samples, 0.7054–0.7322, and provide further evidence that the melt rocks represent shock-melted basement. A mineral isochron obtained from a relatively coarse grained melt rock gives an age of 287±26 Ma for the crystallization age of the melt. This is equivalent to K-Ar whole-rock ages of 285±30 Ma and 300±30 Ma and a Rb-Sr age of 266±15 Ma obtained on melt rocks from West Clearwater and confirms the previously generally held assumption that the East and West Clearwater structures resulted from the simultaneous impact of two bodies at 285–300 Ma ago.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 21 (1989), S. 853-860 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: mixing calculation ; multicomponent systems ; harmonic least-squares ; error dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The HMX (harmonic mixing) mixing calculation program, originally developed to solve geological problems, provides a solution fora posteriori multicomponent mixing problems, i.e., for computations of the proportions of components contributing to a mixture in such cases where the compositions of components and mixture are known. Naturally, these problematics are not restricted to geosciences, but occur throughout all disciplines of natural sciences. The method applied is a harmonic least-squares regression analysis in combination with an optimization technique known as the variable metric method. This procedure guarantees a least-squares regression solution for those real mixing problems, where all data treated are subject to error. In these cases, the application of graphical or least-squares methods for linear regression, as they were used previously, will give significantly different, probably distorted, results.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Impact ; cratering ; shock metamorphism ; planetary surface ; economic geology ; impact catastrophe ; Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Only since several decades has impact cratering been recognized as an important surface process on all planetary bodies in the Solar System. However, as the process has not yet been effectively introduced into geological curricula, it is necessary to inform a wider public about its importance for (i) planetary formation and (ii) evolution, (iii) the understanding of this process as a geological process, (iv) the terrestrial impact crater record and its limitations, and (v) the recognition criteria for terrestrial impact structures, as well as (vi) the need of improvement of the impact cratering record in the light of the potential danger of an impact catastrophe on this planet. It is, particularly for developing countries, of interest to examine the economic and educational-environmental potential of impact structures. That it is possible to carry out an effective, low-budget geological investigation of impact structures within a “Second World” environment is demonstrated by the discussion of the progress that has been made in recent years with regard to the Southern African impact crater record. Several recommendations on how to improve, on the one hand, the terrestrial impact crater record and, on the other, their general working situation by activation of workers in Developing Countries are discussed.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: The chemical composition of gold within the Archaean metasedimentary rocks of the Witwatersrand Supergroup displays significant heterogeneity at the micro-, meso-and regional scales. A detailed electron microbeam analytical and petrological study of the main auriferous horizons in the Central Rand Group throughout the Witwatersrand Basin indicates that gold has been remobilized late in the paragenetic sequence over distances of less than centimetres. Contemporaneous chlorite formation was strongly rock-buffered. Gold mobilization occurred under fluid-poor conditions at temperatures that did not exceed 350 {degrees}C. Widespread circulation of mineralizing fluids within the Central Rand Group is not supported by the gold and chlorite chemical data. Brittle deformation that affects most of the paragenetic sequence of the Central Rand Group late in its post-depositional history is followed by sequences of mineral growth and dissolution that appear throughout the Central Rand Group and have consistent textural relationships with gold. The consistent location within the paragenetic sequence, the wide regional and stratigraphic extent of the brittle deformation, together with mineral chemical and petrological data suggest that the Vredefort Impact Event (2.02 Ga) was the cause of this late deformation, and that post-impact fluid-poor metamorphism resulted in crystallization of a significant proportion of the gold on and within mineral grains that were deformed during this event.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2015-03-24
    Description: In the Barberton greenstone belt (BGB) of South Africa, four distinct spherule horizons (S1–S4) with ages between ca. 3.5 and 3.2 Ga are among the oldest records of large asteroid impacts on Earth. Spherules in these layers are interpreted as molten impact ejecta, condensation products from impact plumes, or impact ejecta melted during atmospheric reentry. Past research has shown that some spherule layer samples from the BGB carry ultrahigh abundances of siderophile elements, including platinum group elements (PGEs), in some cases as much as four times the chondritic abundances. Inferences for very large projectile sizes responsible for these impact layers have been made on the strength of these data. Drilling by the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program has yielded 4 new spherule layer intersections in a 22-cm-long core segment. Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry at high spatial resolution identified local areas of PGE enrichment with Ni-rich chromium spinel (Ni-Cr spinel) clusters. They are associated with PGE-rich metal alloy and sulfarsenide phases 600–1400 nm in size. The metal alloys are interpreted as primary objects that formed during the impact process. PGE sulfarsenides are the result of secondary alteration by S- and As-rich fluids. Thus, a micronugget effect caused by PGE phases and Ni-Cr spinel is responsible for the anomalously high extraterrestrial component in some spherule layer samples. This heterogeneous incorporation of meteoritic components due to primary heterogeneous fallout from the vapor plume must be taken into consideration in any attempt to estimate the global fallout of extraterrestrial components and, thus, to constrain projectile sizes.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2012-06-01
    Print ISSN: 1012-0750
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1995-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0167-9295
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-0794
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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