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  • 1
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    Building confidence in projections of the responses of living marine resources to climate change (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: The Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change highlights that climate change and ocean acidification are challenging the sustainable management of living marine resources (LMRs). Formal and systematic treatment of uncertainty in existing LMR projections, however, is lacking. We synthesize knowledge of how to address different sources of uncertainty by drawing from climate model intercomparison efforts. We suggest an ensemble of available models and projections, informed by observations, as a starting point to quantify uncertainties. Such an ensemble must be paired with analysis of the dominant uncertainties over different spatial scales, time horizons, and metrics. We use two examples: (i) global and regional projections of Sea Surface Temperature and (ii) projection of changes in potential catch of sablefish ( Anoplopoma fimbria ) in the 21st century, to illustrate this ensemble model approach to explore different types of uncertainties. Further effort should prioritize understanding dominant, undersampled dimensions of uncertainty, as well as the strategic collection of observations to quantify, and ultimately reduce, uncertainties. Our proposed framework will improve our understanding of future changes in LMR and the resulting risk of impacts to ecosystems and the societies under changing ocean conditions.
    Print ISSN: 1054-3139
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Reconciling two approaches to attribution of the 2010 Russian heat wave (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: In the summer 2010 Western Russia was hit by an extraordinary heat wave, with the region experiencing by far the warmest July since records began. Whether and to what extent this event is attributable to anthropogenic climate change is controversial. Dole et al. (2011) report the 2010 Russian heat wave was “mainly natural in origin” whereas Rahmstorf and Coumou (2011) write that with a probability of 80% “the 2010 July heat record would not have occurred” without the large-scale climate warming since 1980, most of which has been attributed to the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas concentrations. The latter explicitly state that their results “contradict those of Dole et al. (2011).” Here we use the results from a large ensemble simulation experiment with an atmospheric general circulation model to show that there is no substantive contradiction between these two papers, in that the same event can be both mostly internally-generated in terms of magnitude and mostly externally-driven in terms of occurrence-probability. The difference in conclusion between these two papers illustrates the importance of specifying precisely what question is being asked in addressing the issue of attribution of individual weather events to external drivers of climate.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Function of PI3Kgamma in thymocyte development, T cell activation, and neutrophil migration (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-11
    Description: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) regulate fundamental cellular responses such as proliferation, apoptosis, cell motility, and adhesion. Viable gene-targeted mice lacking the p110 catalytic subunit of PI3Kgamma were generated. We show that PI3Kgamma controls thymocyte survival and activation of mature T cells but has no role in the development or function of B cells. PI3Kgamma-deficient neutrophils exhibited severe defects in migration and respiratory burst in response to heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists and chemotactic agents. PI3Kgamma links GPCR stimulation to the formation of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate and the activation of protein kinase B, ribosomal protein S6 kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2. Thus, PI3Kgamma regulates thymocyte development, T cell activation, neutrophil migration, and the oxidative burst.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sasaki, T -- Irie-Sasaki, J -- Jones, R G -- Oliveira-dos-Santos, A J -- Stanford, W L -- Bolon, B -- Wakeham, A -- Itie, A -- Bouchard, D -- Kozieradzki, I -- Joza, N -- Mak, T W -- Ohashi, P S -- Suzuki, A -- Penninger, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 11;287(5455):1040-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Amgen Institute, 620 University Avenue, Toronto M5G 2C1, Ontario, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10669416" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/analysis ; Apoptosis ; Cell Line ; Chemotactic Factors/pharmacology ; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/*physiology ; Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Lymph Nodes/cytology ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Neutrophils/*physiology ; Peritonitis/immunology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/*metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/metabolism ; *Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Respiratory Burst ; Signal Transduction ; Spleen/cytology ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology ; Thymus Gland/*cytology/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Enhancing CD8 T-cell memory by modulating fatty acid metabolism (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-06
    Description: CD8 T cells, which have a crucial role in immunity to infection and cancer, are maintained in constant numbers, but on antigen stimulation undergo a developmental program characterized by distinct phases encompassing the expansion and then contraction of antigen-specific effector (T(E)) populations, followed by the persistence of long-lived memory (T(M)) cells. Although this predictable pattern of CD8 T-cell responses is well established, the underlying cellular mechanisms regulating the transition to T(M) cells remain undefined. Here we show that tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), an adaptor protein in the TNF-receptor and interleukin-1R/Toll-like receptor superfamily, regulates CD8 T(M)-cell development after infection by modulating fatty acid metabolism. We show that mice with a T-cell-specific deletion of TRAF6 mount robust CD8 T(E)-cell responses, but have a profound defect in their ability to generate T(M) cells that is characterized by the disappearance of antigen-specific cells in the weeks after primary immunization. Microarray analyses revealed that TRAF6-deficient CD8 T cells exhibit altered expression of genes that regulate fatty acid metabolism. Consistent with this, activated CD8 T cells lacking TRAF6 display defective AMP-activated kinase activation and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in response to growth factor withdrawal. Administration of the anti-diabetic drug metformin restored FAO and CD8 T(M)-cell generation in the absence of TRAF6. This treatment also increased CD8 T(M) cells in wild-type mice, and consequently was able to considerably improve the efficacy of an experimental anti-cancer vaccine.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803086/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803086/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pearce, Erika L -- Walsh, Matthew C -- Cejas, Pedro J -- Harms, Gretchen M -- Shen, Hao -- Wang, Li-San -- Jones, Russell G -- Choi, Yongwon -- R01 AI064909/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI064909-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009140/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 2;460(7251):103-7. doi: 10.1038/nature08097. Epub 2009 Jun 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19494812" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/deficiency/genetics ; Animals ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/drug effects/*immunology/*metabolism ; Fatty Acids/*metabolism ; Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology ; Immunologic Memory/*immunology ; Listeria monocytogenes/immunology ; Listeriosis/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; Metformin/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl/deficiency/genetics ; TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6/*deficiency/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    Signaling kinase AMPK activates stress-promoted transcription via histone H2B phosphorylation (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-22
    Description: The mammalian adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a serine-threonine kinase protein complex that is a central regulator of cellular energy homeostasis. However, the mechanisms by which AMPK mediates cellular responses to metabolic stress remain unclear. We found that AMPK activates transcription through direct association with chromatin and phosphorylation of histone H2B at serine 36. AMPK recruitment and H2B Ser36 phosphorylation colocalized within genes activated by AMPK-dependent pathways, both in promoters and in transcribed regions. Ectopic expression of H2B in which Ser36 was substituted by alanine reduced transcription and RNA polymerase II association to AMPK-dependent genes, and lowered cell survival in response to stress. Our results place AMPK-dependent H2B Ser36 phosphorylation in a direct transcriptional and chromatin regulatory pathway leading to cellular adaptation to stress.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3922052/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3922052/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bungard, David -- Fuerth, Benjamin J -- Zeng, Ping-Yao -- Faubert, Brandon -- Maas, Nancy L -- Viollet, Benoit -- Carling, David -- Thompson, Craig B -- Jones, Russell G -- Berger, Shelley L -- CA078831/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA09171/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA105463/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- MC_U120027537/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MOP-93799/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- P01 AG031862/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA104838/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA078831/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA105463/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Sep 3;329(5996):1201-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1191241. Epub 2010 Jul 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20647423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromatin/*metabolism ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; Enzyme Activation ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Histones/chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Serine/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; *Stress, Physiological ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Fueling immunity: insights into metabolism and lymphocyte function (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: Lymphocytes face major metabolic challenges upon activation. They must meet the bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of increased cell proliferation and also adapt to changing environmental conditions, in which nutrients and oxygen may be limiting. An emerging theme in immunology is that metabolic reprogramming and lymphocyte activation are intricately linked. However, why T cells adopt specific metabolic programs and the impact that these programs have on T cell function and, ultimately, immunological outcome remain unclear. Research on tumor cell metabolism has provided valuable insight into metabolic pathways important for cell proliferation and the influence of metabolites themselves on signal transduction and epigenetic programming. In this Review, we highlight emerging concepts regarding metabolic reprogramming in proliferating cells and discuss their potential impact on T cell fate and function.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4486656/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4486656/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pearce, Erika L -- Poffenberger, Maya C -- Chang, Chih-Hao -- Jones, Russell G -- AI091965/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA158823/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- MOP-93799/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- R01 AI091965/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA181125/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 11;342(6155):1242454. doi: 10.1126/science.1242454.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. erikapearce@path.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24115444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Proliferation ; *Citric Acid Cycle ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Glycolysis ; Humans ; Ketoglutaric Acids/metabolism ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mitochondria/immunology/metabolism ; Neoplasms/immunology/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/*metabolism ; Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    X-ray crystal structure of C3d: a C3 fragment and ligand for complement receptor 2 (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: Activation and covalent attachment of complement component C3 to pathogens is the key step in complement-mediated host defense. Additionally, the antigen-bound C3d fragment interacts with complement receptor 2 (CR2; also known as CD21) on B cells and thereby contributes to the initiation of an acquired humoral response. The x-ray crystal structure of human C3d solved at 2.0 angstroms resolution reveals an alpha-alpha barrel with the residues responsible for thioester formation and covalent attachment at one end and an acidic pocket at the other. The structure supports a model whereby the transition of native C3 to its functionally active state involves the disruption of a complementary domain interface and provides insight into the basis for the interaction between C3d and CR2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nagar, B -- Jones, R G -- Diefenbach, R J -- Isenman, D E -- Rini, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1277-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9596584" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Complement C3d/*chemistry/metabolism ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Receptors, Complement 3d/*metabolism ; Sequence Alignment
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Autoimmunity: Rubbing salt in the wound (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Shea, John J -- Jones, Russell G -- England -- Nature. 2013 Apr 25;496(7446):437-9. doi: 10.1038/nature11959. Epub 2013 Mar 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23467087" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation/*drug effects ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/*chemically induced/*immunology ; Humans ; Immediate-Early Proteins/*metabolism ; Interleukin-17/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; Sodium Chloride/*pharmacology ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary/*pharmacology ; Th17 Cells/*drug effects/*immunology/*pathology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 9
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    CELL GROWTH. (TORC)ing up purine biosynthesis (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ma, Eric H -- Jones, Russell G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Feb 12;351(6274):670-1. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf1929.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada. Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada. ; Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada. Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada. russell.jones@mcgill.ca.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26912848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Humans ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Multiprotein Complexes/*metabolism ; Purines/*biosynthesis/*metabolism ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; Tetrahydrofolates/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Summary for Policymakers (2014)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-32, ISBN: 9781107641655
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-08
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
    Format: application/pdf
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