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  • 1
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    Loss of function of the melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 is associated with mammalian obesity (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-23
    Description: Melanocortin receptor accessory proteins (MRAPs) modulate signaling of melanocortin receptors in vitro. To investigate the physiological role of brain-expressed melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2), we characterized mice with whole-body and brain-specific targeted deletion of Mrap2, both of which develop severe obesity at a young age. Mrap2 interacts directly with melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r), a protein previously implicated in mammalian obesity, and it enhances Mc4r-mediated generation of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate, suggesting that alterations in Mc4r signaling may be one mechanism underlying the association between Mrap2 disruption and obesity. In a study of humans with severe, early-onset obesity, we found four rare, potentially pathogenic genetic variants in MRAP2, suggesting that the gene may also contribute to body weight regulation in humans.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3788688/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3788688/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Asai, Masato -- Ramachandrappa, Shwetha -- Joachim, Maria -- Shen, Yuan -- Zhang, Rong -- Nuthalapati, Nikhil -- Ramanathan, Visali -- Strochlic, David E -- Ferket, Peter -- Linhart, Kirsten -- Ho, Caroline -- Novoselova, Tatiana V -- Garg, Sumedha -- Ridderstrale, Martin -- Marcus, Claude -- Hirschhorn, Joel N -- Keogh, Julia M -- O'Rahilly, Stephen -- Chan, Li F -- Clark, Adrian J -- Farooqi, I Sadaf -- Majzoub, Joseph A -- 098497/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0802796/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0900554/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9824984/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- P30-HD18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK075787/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01DK075787/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 DK007699/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 MH020017/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 19;341(6143):275-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1233000.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23869016" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Animals ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight/*genetics ; Carrier Proteins/*genetics ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Energy Metabolism/genetics ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Obesity/*genetics/metabolism ; Receptor Activity-Modifying Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics/*metabolism ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Finite Difference Based Fast Adaptive Composite Grid Method (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3 (1996), S. 391-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: finite difference discretization ; fast adaptive composite grid method ; convergence rate ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: The fast adaptive composite grid (FAC) method is an iterative method for solving discrete boundary value problems on composite grids. McCormick introduced the method in [8] and considered the convergence behaviour for discrete problems resulting from finite volume element discretization on composite grids. In this paper we consider discrete problems resulting from finite difference discretization on composite grids. We distinguish between two obvious discretization approaches at the grid points on the interfaces between fine and coarse subgrids. The FAC method for solving such discrete problems is described. In the FAC method several intergrid transfer operators appear. We study how the convergence behaviour depends on these intergrid transfer operators. Based on theoretical insights, (quasi-)optimal intergrid transfer operators are derived. Numerical results illustrate the fast convergence of the FAC method using these intergrid transfer operators.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A finite difference discretization method for elliptic problems on composite grids (1996)
    Springer
    Computing 56 (1996), S. 343-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65N06 ; 65N15 ; 65N22 ; Finite difference scheme ; local refinement ; error estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel diskutieren wir ein einfaches Finite-Differenzen-Verfahren zur Diskretisierung elliptischer Randwertprobleme auf zusammengesetzten Gittern. Für die Poissongleichung als Modellproblem beweisen wir Stabilität des diskreten Operators und Schranken für den globalen Diskretisierungsfehler. Diese Schranken zeigen deutlich, in welcher Weise der Diskretisierungsfehler von der Feinheit des groben und des lokalen feinen Gitters und der Ordnung der am Übergang verwendeten Interpolation abhängt. Außerdem hängen die Konstanten in diesen Schranken nicht vom Quotienten der Maschenweiten des groben und des feinen Gitters ab. Weiterhin diskutieren wir eine effiziente Lösungsmethode für das resultierende algebraische Problem auf dem zusammengesetzten Gitter.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we discusss a simple finite difference method for the discretization of elliptic boundary value problems on composite grids. For the model problem of the Poisson equation we prove stability of the discrete operator and bounds for the global discretization error. These bounds clearly show how the discretization error depends on the grid size of the coarse grid, on the grid size of the local fine grid and on the order of the interpolation used on the interface. Furthermore, the constants in these bounds do not depend on the quotient of coarse grid size and fine grid size. We also discuss an efficient solution method for the resulting composite grid algebraic problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253460
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further analysis of the local defect correction method (1996)
    Springer
    Computing 56 (1996), S. 117-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65N22 ; 65N50 ; Local defect correction ; fast adaptive composite grid method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir analysieren einen Spezialfall der lokalen Defektkorrektur-Methode (LDC) die in [4] eingeführt wurde. Wir beschränken uns auf Finite-Differenzen-Diskretisierungen elliptischer Randwertprobleme. Die lokale Defektkorrektur-Methode verwendet Diskretisierungen auf einem globalen uniformen groben Gitter und einem oder mehreren lokalen uniformen feinen Gittern zur Approximation der stetigen Lösung. Wir beweisen, daß diese LDC-Methode als iterative Methode zur Lösung einer zugehörigen Diskretisierung auf dem zusammengesetzten Gitter betrachtet werden kann. Dieses Resultat ermöglicht es, wichtige Eigenschaften der LDC-Methode zu erklären, z.B. in Bezug auf die Größenordnung des Diskretisierungsfehlers. Außerdem ermöglicht die Formulierung der LDC-Methode als iterativer Solver für ein gegebenes Problem auf dem zusammengesetzten Gitter den Beweis eines engen Zusammenhangs zwischen LDC und der “Fast adaptive grid (FAC)”-Methode aus [8–10].
    Notes: Abstract We analyze a special case of the Local Defect Correction (LDC) method introduced in [4]. We restrict ourselves to finite difference discretizations of elliptic boundary value problems. The LDC method uses the discretization on a uniform global coarse grid and on one or more uniform local fine grids for approximating the continuous solution. We prove that this LDC method can be seen as an iterative method for solving an underlying composite grid discretization. This result makes it possible to explain important properties of the LDC method, e.g. concerning the size of the discretization error. Furthermore, the formulation of LDC as an iterative solver for a given composite grid problem makes it possible to prove a close correspondence between LDC and the Fast Adaptive Composite grid (FAC) method from [8–10].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02309341
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  • 5
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    A finite difference discretization method for elliptic problems on composite grids (1996)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0010-485X
    Electronic ISSN: 1436-5057
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Springer
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  • 6
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    Further analysis of the local defect correction method (1996)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0010-485X
    Electronic ISSN: 1436-5057
    Topics: Computer Science
    Published by Springer
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