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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptive significance of furanocoumarin diversity inPastinaca sativa (Apiaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 207-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis zea ; corn earworm ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pastinaca sativa ; wild parsnip ; Apiaceae ; furanocoumarins ; defense ; xanthotoxin ; photoactivation ; bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fruits ofPastinaca sativa (Apiaceae), the edible parsnip, contain six different furanocoumarins that are differentially capable of ultraviolet-mediated cross-linkage of DNA and inhibition of DNA transcription. Individually, none of the other furanocoumarins present in parsnip seeds is as toxic as the photosensitizer xanthotoxin. Nevertheless, the natural mixture of compounds is toxicologically more effective againstHeliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), both in the presence and absence of UV light, than is an equimolar amount of xanthotoxin. The difference in toxicity diminishes with increasing light levels. Thus, a series of structurally related natural products can display toxicity lacking in individual compounds and may represent an adaptive compromise to varying environmental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994434
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal defence, kin conflict and the distribution of furanocoumarins among offspring of wild parsnip (1998)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 12 (1998), S. 443-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: defence ; endosperm ; furanocoumarins ; kin conflict ; Pastinaca sativa ; seeds ; wild parsnip
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The factors influencing the allocation of chemical defences to plant offspring have largely been unexplored, conceptually and experimentally. Because evolutionary interactions between maternal plants and their progeny can affect resource allocation patterns among sibling offspring, we suggest that kin conflict as well as herbivore–plant interaction theories need to be considered to predict chemical defence allocation patterns. Optimal defence theory predicts that maternal plants should defend more heavily those offspring in which resources have been disproportionately invested. In contrast, kin conflict theory predicts that natural selection will favour genotypes that can compete successfully for maternal defences irrespective of their quality, even at the expense of the fitness of siblings and the maternal plant. Evidence for these defence patterns were evaluated by examining the allocation of furanocoumarins to seeds of the wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa, Apiaceae). Furanocoumarins are toxins that are localized within the oil tubes of the maternal tissues of seeds. We evaluated the role of offspring investment (endosperm mass) and seed genotype on furanocoumarin allocation by mating an array of pollen donors with pollen recipients. Furanocoumarins were found to be positively correlated with endosperm mass on one side of the seed, a result consistent with optimal defence theory; however, on the other side of the seed, furanocoumarin content was influenced by seed genotype and was unrelated to endosperm mass. These effects varied with maternal plant. Further experiments demonstrated that nearly 80% of furanocoumarin production occurs after pollination, when fertilization products are active. Although the amount of furanocoumarin influenced by the seed genotype is small relative to the total quantity in the seed, these furanocoumarins are the first line of defence against important predators, such as the parsnip webworm, Depressaria pastinacella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae). We found that parsnip webworm larvae were able to discriminate among genotypes within an inflorescence. In line with previous studies, these results suggest that a genotype's ability to influence furanocoumarin defence may affect its probability of survival. We conclude that the distribution of defences among plant offspring in wild parsnip is probably influenced by competition among seed genotypes that conflicts with maternal optimal defence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006572805289
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parthenocarpic fruits in wild parsnip: Decoy defence against a specialist herbivore (1991)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 5 (1991), S. 136-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Parthenocarpy ; fruits ; defence ; wild parsnip ; Pastinaca sativa ; parsnip webworm ; Depressaria pastinacella ; furanocoumarins ; decoys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Parthenocarpy, the production of fruits without viable seeds, is a widespread phenomenon in plants. While failure to effect pollination or fertilization is often cited as the cause of parthenocarpy, this explanation alone is inadequate to explain why plants produce, maintain and further develop fruits. Wild parsnips (Pastinaca sativa) frequently produce parthenocarpic fruit. When parsnip webworms (Depressaria pastinacella), specialist feeders on wild parsnip, were given choices between normal fruit and parthenocarpic fruit, they exhibited a strong preference for parthenocarpic fruit. However, on parthenocarpic fruit, insects fed less efficiently and grew more slowly than insects fed normal fruit. Parthenocarpic fruits, then, may act as decoys that divert herbivores away from fruits that contain plant offspring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02270830
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Artificial defloration and furanocoumarin induction inPastinaca sativa (Umbelliferae) (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1515-1522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Wild parsnip ; Pastinaca sativa ; furanocoumarins ; induction ; defloration ; optimal defense ; Umbelliferae ; allelochemicals ; herbivore-plant interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Damage simulating herbivory was tested as an inducer of furanocoumarins in the floral parts of the wild parsnip,Pastinaca sativa (Umbelliferae). In one experiment, primary umbels ofP. sativa were partially deflorated over the course of nine days, and higher-order umbels as well as the remaining primary umbel floral parts were sampled. Total furanocoumarin concentration was not significantly affected by defloration, but one furanocoumarin, isopimpinellin, increased in one floral stage of the secondary umbel in damaged plants. In a second experiment, primary umbels were completely deflorated and the higher-order umbels allowed to set seed. No significant effect of defloration on furanocoumarin content was found in the seeds of the higher-order umbels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012423
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolism and excretion of the furanocoumarin xanthotoxin by parsnip webworm,Depressaria pastinacella (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 417-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Depressaria pastinacella ; parsnip webworm ; xanthotoxin ; detoxification ; furanocoumarins ; silk ; plant secondary compounds ; plantinsect interactions ; Oecophoridae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The parsnip webworm,Depressaria pastinacella, feeds on plants containing high concentrations of furanocoumarins. compounds toxic to many organisms. Parsnip webworm larvae were fed radiolabeled xanthotoxin to quantify the detoxification of this furanocoumarin. They metabolized approximately 95% of the ingested xanthotoxin, indicating that metabolic detoxification is important in their tolerance to this allelochemical. Excretion of xanthotoxin and its metabolites was not restricted to the frass but also occurred by means of the silk glands. The silk glands contained half as much of the tritiated compounds as the rest of the body. Because of the feeding habits of this insect, such an excretory pathway may have implications for interactions with predators and pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021774
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnolia virginiana Neolignan compounds as chemical barriers to swallowtail butterfly host use (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1661-1671 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Papilio palamedes ; Papilio troilus ; Papilio glaucus ; Hyphantria cunea ; Papilionidae ; Arctiidae ; Lepidoptera ; swallowtail butterfly ; magnolol ; 5,5′-diallyl-2 ; 2′-dihydroxybiphenyl ; 4,4′-diallyl-2′ ; 3′-dihydroxybiphenyl ether ; herbivore-plant ; toxins ; deterrents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of toxins and deterrents in preventingtroilus group species (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) from feeding on magnoliaceous hosts was investigated using bioassay-directed isolation ofMagnolia virginiana allelochemicals. A fraction consisting of three neolignan compounds significantly reduced survival of first instarP. palamedes, atroilus group member. Two of these compounds, magnolol and a biphenyl ether, were tested individually and were both toxic toP. palamedes. The larval survival ofP. troilus, anothertroilus group species, was also significantly reduced by magnolol but not by the biphenyl ether. In contrast,P. glaucus, a polyphagousglaucus group species that feeds on magnoliaceous hosts, was not affected by either compound. The effect of these compounds against a. polyphagous nonpapilionid was examined using the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea, Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). The biphenyl ether but not magnolol significantly lowered webworm first-instar survival, demonstrating that polyphagy does not preadapt lepidopterans to feeding on this neolignan. These results demonstrate that although phagostimulants play a role in the specialization of thetroilus group on the Lauraceae, the presence of toxins and/or deterrents in nonhosts is also important in determining food plant patterns in these species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00993237
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  • 7
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    Furanocoumarins in seeds of wild and cultivated parsnip (1984)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0031-9422
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-3700
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 8
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    Bioactive neolignans from the leaves of Magnolia virginiana (1991)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0031-9422
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-3700
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
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    Enzymatic Adaption in a Specialist Herbivore for Feeding on Furanocoumarin- Containing Plants (1989)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0012-9658
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9170
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of Ecological Society of America.
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  • 10
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    Larval Adaptation to Lauraceous Hosts: Geographic Divergence in the Spicebush Swallowtail Butterfly (1991)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0012-9658
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9170
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of Ecological Society of America.
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