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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PROTEIN QUALITY OF SPRAY-DRIED WHOLE MILK AND OF CASEIN IN YOUNG ADULT HUMANS USING A SHORT-TERM NITROGEN BALANCE INDEX ASSAY (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 44 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies were performed to measure the protein quality of spray-dried whole milk and of casein using a short-term nitrogen balance index with adult human subjects. Comparative values were obtained using the conventional nitrogen balance assay technique. The quality of the protein was calculated by regression analysis of all nitrogen absorbed to nitrogen retained. The coefficients of regression for milk when the short-term approach was used were 1.06, 0.97, 0.91 and 0.88. The differences were not statistically significant. With the conventional method, the value obtained was 0.88. The value from the conventional method was not statistically different from those obtained by. the short-term variation, which has a tendency to give higher values. The coefficient of regression of nitrogen absorbed to nitrogen retained for casein was 0.65. The results also suggested less variation if the nitrogen balances per protein intake are of two days duration, allowing for more representative fecal collections. The results obtained suggest the short-term nitrogen balance index to be a suitable approach to protein quality evaluation in humans, although we recognize the need to perform additional studies to standardize the technique as much as possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1979.tb03465.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutritive Value of Central American Beans. IV. The Essential Amino Acid Content of Samples of Black Beans, Red Beans, Rice Beans, and Cowpeas of Guatemala (1961)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 26 (1961), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rice bean (Phaseolus calcaratus), cowpea (Vigna sinensis), red bean, and three black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) samples grown in Guatemala, were found to be fairly similar in chemical composition. Average percentage values were: moisture 14.5, protein 22.3, ether extract 1.3, ash 3.5, crude fiber 6.0, and carbohydrate 52.4. The range in amino acid content, expressed as mg of amino acid per gram of nitrogen, was: arginine 356-528, histidine 159-232, isoleucine 143-339, leucine 189-260, lysine 322-544, total sulfur-containing amino acids 80-94, phenylalanine plus tyrosine 362-471, tryptophan 52-73, threonine 215-348, and valine 191-383. The cowpea sample was higher in lysine; the rice bean and red bean samples were higher in tryptophan. The isoleucine and valine contents were lower, and the leucine higher, in the red beans than in the other samples. When compared with the amino acid pattern of the FAO Reference Protein, methionine plus cystine was the most-limiting amino acid, and leucine and tryptophan respectively the second- and third-most limiting. All the samples contained high amounts of lysine, making beans a good source of this amino acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1961.tb00400.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oscillators in one and two dimensions and ladder operators for the Morse and Coulomb problems (1997)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 62 (1997), S. 177-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We exhibit that the radial eigenfunctions of a 2D-harmonic oscillator (2DHO) may be regarded as 1D-harmonic oscillator (1DHO) matrix elements. From this simple fact and using as a starting point the ladder operators â± for 1DHO, we obtain ladder operators for 2DHO. Furthermore, by using the relationship between the Coulomb and Morse problems with a 2DHO, we are able to obtain the ladder operators for the former problems without explicitly recurring to the factorization method. Some uses of the technique presented are suggested. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
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    Knowledge and innovation relationships in the shrimp industry in Thailand and Mexico [Sustainability Science] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-27
    Description: Experts, government officials, and industry leaders concerned about the sustainability of shrimp aquaculture believe they know what farmers need to know and should be doing. They have framed sustainability as a technical problem that, at the farm level, is to be solved by better shrimp and management of ponds and...
    Keywords: Knowledge Systems for Sustainable Development Special Feature Sackler Colloquium, Sustainability Science
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 5
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    Regional and temporal patterns of litterfall in tropical South America (2009)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-27
    Description: The production of aboveground soft tissue represents an important share of total net primary production in tropical rain forests. Here we draw from a large number of published and unpublished datasets (n=81 sites) to assess the determinants of litterfall variation across South American tropical forests. We show that across old-growth tropical rainforests, litterfall averages 8.61±1.91Mg/ha/yr. Secondary forests have a lower annual litterfall than old-growth tropical forests with a mean of 8.01±3.41 Mg/ha/yr. Annual litterfall shows no significant variation with total annual rainfall, either globally or within forest types. It does not vary consistently with soil type, except in the poorest soils (white sand soils), where litterfall is significantly lower than in other soil types (5.42±1.91Mg/ha/yr). Litterfall declines significantly with increasing N:P. We also study the determinants of litterfall seasonality, and find that it does not depend on annual rainfall or on soil type. However, litterfall seasonality is significantly positively correlated with rainfall seasonality. Finally, we assess how much carbon is stored in reproductive organs relative to photosynthetic organs. Mean leaf fall is 5.74±1.83 Mg/ha/yr (71% of total litterfall). Mean allocation into reproductive organs is 0.69±0.40Mg/ha/yr (9% of total litterfall). The investment into reproductive organs divided by leaf litterfall is negatively related to the N:P ratio, suggesting that on poor soils, the allocation to photosynthetic organs is prioritized over that to reproduction. Finally, we discuss the ecological and biogeochemical implications of these results.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 6
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    Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils (2009)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-25
    Description: The net primary productivity (NPP) of tropical forests is one of the most important and least quantified components of the global carbon cycle. Most relevant studies have focused particularly on the quantification of the above-ground coarse wood productivity, and little is known about the carbon fluxes involved in other elements of the NPP, the partitioning of total NPP between its above- and below-ground components and the main environmental drivers of these patterns. In this study we quantify the above- and below-ground NPP of ten Amazonian forests to address two questions: (1) How do Amazonian forests allocate productivity among its above- and below-ground components? (2) How do soil and leaf nutrient status and soil texture affect the productivity of Amazonian forests? Using a standardized methodology to measure the major elements of productivity, we show that NPP varies between 9.3±1.3 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 (mean±standard error), at a white sand plot, and 17.0±1.4 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 at a very fertile Terra Preta site, with an overall average of 12.8±0.9 Mg C ha−1 yr−1. The studied forests allocate on average 64±3% and 36±3% of the total NPP to the above- and below-ground components, respectively. The ratio of above-ground and below-ground NPP is almost invariant with total NPP. Litterfall and fine root production both increase with total NPP, while stem production shows no overall trend. Total NPP tends to increase with soil phosphorus and leaf nitrogen status. However, allocation of NPP to below-ground shows no relationship to soil fertility, but appears to decrease with the increase of soil clay content.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 7
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    Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils (2009)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-01
    Description: The net primary productivity (NPP) of tropical forests is one of the most important and least quantified components of the global carbon cycle. Most relevant studies have focused particularly on the quantification of the above-ground coarse wood productivity, and little is known about the carbon fluxes involved in other elements of the NPP, the partitioning of total NPP between its above- and below-ground components and the main environmental drivers of these patterns. In this study we quantify the above- and below-ground NPP of ten Amazonian forests to address two questions: (1) How do Amazonian forests allocate productivity among its above- and below-ground components? (2) How do soil and leaf nutrient status and soil texture affect the productivity of Amazonian forests? Using a standardized methodology to measure the major elements of productivity, we show that NPP varies between 9.3±1.3 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 (mean±standard error), at a white sand plot, and 17.0±1.4 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 at a very fertile Terra Preta site, with an overall average of 12.8±0.9 Mg C ha−1 yr−1. The studied forests allocate on average 64±3% and 36±3% of the total NPP to the above- and below-ground components, respectively. The ratio of above-ground and below-ground NPP is almost invariant with total NPP. Litterfall and fine root production both increase with total NPP, while stem production shows no overall trend. Total NPP tends to increase with soil phosphorus and leaf nitrogen status. However, allocation of NPP to below-ground shows no relationship to soil fertility, but appears to decrease with the increase of soil clay content.
    Print ISSN: 1726-4170
    Electronic ISSN: 1726-4189
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 8
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    Regional and seasonal patterns of litterfall in tropical South America (2010)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-05
    Description: The production of aboveground soft tissue represents an important share of total net primary production in tropical rain forests. Here we draw from a large number of published and unpublished datasets (n=81 sites) to assess the determinants of litterfall variation across South American tropical forests. We show that across old-growth tropical rainforests, litterfall averages 8.61±1.91 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (mean ± standard deviation, in dry mass units). Secondary forests have a lower annual litterfall than old-growth tropical forests with a mean of 8.01±3.41 Mg ha−1 yr−1. Annual litterfall shows no significant variation with total annual rainfall, either globally or within forest types. It does not vary consistently with soil type, except in the poorest soils (white sand soils), where litterfall is significantly lower than in other soil types (5.42±1.91 Mg ha−1 yr−1). We also study the determinants of litterfall seasonality, and find that it does not depend on annual rainfall or on soil type. However, litterfall seasonality is significantly positively correlated with rainfall seasonality. Finally, we assess how much carbon is stored in reproductive organs relative to photosynthetic organs. Mean leaf fall is 5.74±1.83 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (71% of total litterfall). Mean allocation into reproductive organs is 0.69±0.40 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (9% of total litterfall). The investment into reproductive organs divided by leaf litterfall increases with soil fertility, suggesting that on poor soils, the allocation to photosynthetic organs is prioritized over that to reproduction. Finally, we discuss the ecological and biogeochemical implications of these results.
    Print ISSN: 1726-4170
    Electronic ISSN: 1726-4189
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 9
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    Archetype analysis in sustainability research: meanings, motivations, and evidence-based policy making (2019)
    In:  Ecology and Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: Archetypes are increasingly used as a methodological approach to understand recurrent patterns in variables and processes that shape the sustainability of social-ecological systems. The rapid growth and diversification of archetype analyses has generated variations, inconsistencies, and confusion about the meanings, potential, and limitations of archetypes. Based on a systematic review, a survey, and a workshop series, we provide a consolidated perspective on the core features and diverse meanings of archetype analysis in sustainability research, the motivations behind it, and its policy relevance. We identify three core features of archetype analysis: recurrent patterns, multiple models, and intermediate abstraction. Two gradients help to apprehend the variety of meanings of archetype analysis that sustainability researchers have developed: (1) understanding archetypes as building blocks or as case typologies and (2) using archetypes for pattern recognition, diagnosis, or scenario development. We demonstrate how archetype analysis has been used to synthesize results from case studies, bridge the gap between global narratives and local realities, foster methodological interplay, and transfer knowledge about sustainability strategies across cases. We also critically examine the potential and limitations of archetype analysis in supporting evidence-based policy making through context-sensitive generalizations with case-level empirical validity. Finally, we identify future priorities, with a view to leveraging the full potential of archetype analysis for supporting sustainable development.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    Design and quality criteria for archetype analysis (2019)
    In:  Ecology and Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: A key challenge in addressing the global degradation of natural resources and the environment is to effectively transfer successful strategies across heterogeneous contexts. Archetype analysis is a particularly salient approach in this regard that helps researchers to understand and compare patterns of (un)sustainability in heterogeneous cases. Archetype analysis avoids traps of overgeneralization and ideography by identifying reappearing but nonuniversal patterns that hold for well-defined subsets of cases. It can be applied by researchers working in inter- or transdisciplinary settings to study sustainability issues from a broad range of theoretical and methodological standpoints. However, there is still an urgent need for quality standards to guide the design of theoretically rigorous and practically useful archetype analyses. To this end, we propose four quality criteria and corresponding research strategies to address them: (1) specify the domain of validity for each archetype, (2) ensure that archetypes can be combined to characterize single cases, (3) explicitly navigate levels of abstraction, and (4) obtain a fit between attribute configurations, theories, and empirical domains of validity. These criteria are based on a stocktaking of current methodological challenges in archetypes research, including: to demonstrate the validity of the analysis, delineate boundaries of archetypes, and select appropriate attributes to define them. We thus contribute to a better common understanding of the approach and to the improvement of the research design of future archetype analyses.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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