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Electronic Resource

Hydraulic architecture and water use of selected species from a lower montane forest in Panama (1998)

Zotz, G. ; Tyree, M. T. ; Patiño, S. ; [et al.]

Springer

Trees 12 (1998), S. 302-309

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ISSN: 0931-1890

Keywords: Key words Hydraulic architecture ; Transpiration ; Lower montane forest ; Cloud forest

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Plant water relations of nine woody species were studied in a lower montane rain forest in Panama. These data provide a partial test of the hypothesis that hydraulic architecture of lower montane species might limit transpiration and thus leaf size or nutrient transport (as suggested by J. Cavelier and E. G. Leigh, respectively). Diurnal variation in leaf transpiration was closely correlated with changes in net radiation. Peak transpiration rates (7 × 10–5 kg s–1 m–2) were as high as peak transpiration rates from tropical lowland forests but mean daily water use [0.39 ± 0.08 (SEM) kg m–2 day–1] were mostly lower than comparable data from tropical lowland forests. Thus transpiration rates are sufficiently high for sufficiently long periods to make it unlikely that nutrient transport is limited by transpiration. Another objective of this study was a comparison of two different methods to measure hydraulic conductance (Kh = flow rate per unit pressure gradient) and leaf specific conductance of stem segments (KL = Kh/leaf area distal to the segment). The results obtained with the traditional conductivity apparatus and the high pressure flow meter method, yielded similar results in six out of seven cases.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050155

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Branch sacrifice: cavitation-associated drought adaptation of riparian cottonwoods (2000)

Rood, S.B. ; Patiño, S. ; Coombs, K. ; [et al.]

Springer

Trees 14 (2000), S. 248-257

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ISSN: 0931-1890

Keywords: Key words Branches ; Cavitation ; Cottonwoods ; Populus ; Water relations

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract In their native riparian zones (floodplains), Populus deltoides (prairie cottonwood) and P. fremontii (Fremont cottonwood) commonly experience substantial branch die-back. These trees occur in semi-arid areas of North America and unexpectedly given the dry regions, they are exceptionally vulnerable to xylem cavitation, drought-induced air embolism of xylem vessels. We propose that the vulnerability to cavitation and branch die-back are physiologically linked; drought-induced cavitation underlies branch die-back that reduces transpirational demand enabling the remaining shoot to maintain a favorable water balance. This proposal follows field observation along various western North American rivers as precocious branch senescence, the yellowing and death of leaves on particular branches during mid- to late summer, was common for P. deltoides and P. fremontii during hot and dry periods of low stream-flow. Branches displaying precocious senescence were subsequently dead the following year. The proposed association between cavitation, precocious senescence and branch die-back is also supported by experiments involving external pressurization of branches to about 2.5 MPa with a branch collar or through an adjacent cut-branch. The treatments induced xylem cavitation and increased leaf diffusive resistance (stomatal closure) that was followed by leaf senescence and branch death of P. deltoides. P. trichocarpa (black cottonwood) appeared to be less affected by the pressurization treatment and this species as well P. angustifolia (narrowleaf cottonwood) and P. balsamifera (balsam poplar) seldom display the patchy summer branch senescence typical of P. deltoides and P. fremontii. ’Branch sacrifice’ describes this cavitation-associated senescence and branch die-back that may provide a drought adaptation for the prairie and Fremont cottonwoods.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050010

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3

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The cooling of convolvulaceous flowers in a tropical environment (2002)

Patiño, S. ; Grace, J.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 25 (2002), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: The temperatures of flowers of Ipomoea pes-caprae ssp. brasilensis, Ipomoea aquatica and Merremia borneensis in bright sunshine, were studied to determine the role of corollas and sepals in cooling the gynoecium. The corollas and sepals were prevented from transpiring by greasing, to investigate the extent of evaporative cooling. In the exposed natural habitats of these flowers the maximum temperatures of air and soil were high (32 and 42 °C, respectively) and corolla, sepal and gynoecium temperatures were often intermediate. Despite being almost astomatous, significant evaporative cooling was observed in the corolla. Between 20 and 80% of the energy absorbed by the corollas was dissipated as evaporation. The sepals were stomatous and their evaporative cooling was very important in reducing the temperature of the gynoecium. The temperatures of the non-transpiring gynoecia and corollas were significantly higher than the temperatures of the normally transpiring corollas and gynoecia. Furthermore, the gynoecia temperatures were significantly higher with non-transpiring corollas than with normally transpiring corollas, suggesting that the corollas alone play a role in maintaining the gynoecium within optimal temperatures levels. It was shown in an incubation experiment that temperatures exceeding 32 °C may damage the carpels, and temperatures exceeding 42 °C may damage sepals. Pollen grains were killed after 200 min of exposure to temperatures in the range 32 to 47 °C. It is concluded that the cooling mechanisms (evaporation and self-shading) are critical for the reproductive success of these flowers in their natural environment.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00801.x

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Physiological determinants of Ficus fruit temperature and implications for survival of pollinator wasp species: comparative physiology through an energy budget approach (1994)

Patiño, S. ; Herre, E. A. ; Tyree, Melvin T.

Springer

Oecologia 100 (1994), S. 13-20

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Ficus fruit ; Wasp lethal temperatures Energy budgets ; Coevolution ; Mutualism

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Figs are completely dependent for pollen dispersal on species-specific fig-pollinating wasps that develop within developing fig fruits. These wasps are very sensitive to heat and die at temperatures only a few degrees above ambient. Such temperatures are expected and observed in objects exposed to full sunlight, as fig fruits frequently are. In detailed field and experimental studies of 11 species of Panamanian figs with fruit ranging in size from 5 mm to 50 mm in diameter, we found that both the relative and absolute contribution of transpiration to maintaining non-lethal fruit temperatures increased with fruit size. Small and large fruits reached temperatures of 3 and 8°C, respectively, above air temperature in full sunlight when transpiration was prevented by grease. The temperature reached by large, nontranspiring fruits was sufficient to kill their pollinators. Control fruits which transpired reached temperatures of 2–3°C above air temperature in sunlight, regardless of size. An analysis of the solar energy budget of fruit revealed that large fruits must transpire to maintain tolerable temperatures for the wasps because heat diffusion from fruit to air was too low to balance net radiation in sunlight. By contrast, small fruits do not need to transpire to maintain tolerable temperatures for the pollinators.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317125

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5

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Endothermy by flowers of Rhizanthes lowii (Rafflesiaceae) (2000)

Patiño, S. ; Grace, J. ; Bänziger, H.

Springer

Oecologia 124 (2000), S. 149-155

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Key words Thermogenesis ; Thermoregulation ; Mimicry ; Parasitic plant ; Pollination

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Rhizanthes lowii (Beccari) Harms (Rafflesia- ceae) is a parasitic plant that grows in the understory of the rainforest in South-East Asia. This plant does not have leaves, stems, or photosynthetic tissue and is characterised by the emission of a strong odour that attracts the natural pollinators, carrion flies. Flowers that volatilise odorous compounds and attract carrion flies, beetles and other insects are often thermogenic. Here we present evidence of both thermogenesis and thermoregulation in R. lowii from microclimate and tissue temperatures measured during different stages of flower development in R. lowii, in natural conditions in Brunei, Borneo. Endothermy was detected in young and mature buds as well as in blooming flowers and even in decaying tissues 3 or more days after blooming. Tissue temperatures were maintained at 7–9 K above air temperature, in both female and male flowers, at all stages of floral development.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050001

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Sperm Bindin Divergence under Sexual Selection and Concerted Evolution in Sea Stars (2016)

Patino, S., Keever, C. C., Sunday, J. M., Popovic, I., Byrne, M., Hart, M. W.

Oxford University Press

In: Molecular Biology and Evolution

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Publication Date: 2016-07-19

Description: Selection associated with competition among males or sexual conflict between mates can create positive selection for high rates of molecular evolution of gamete recognition genes and lead to reproductive isolation between species. We analyzed coding sequence and repetitive domain variation in the gene encoding the sperm acrosomal protein bindin in 13 diverse sea star species. We found that bindin has a conserved coding sequence domain structure in all 13 species, with several repeated motifs in a large central region that is similar among all sea stars in organization but highly divergent among genera in nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence. More bindin codons and lineages showed positive selection for high relative rates of amino acid substitution in genera with gonochoric outcrossing adults (and greater expected strength of sexual selection) than in selfing hermaphrodites. That difference is consistent with the expectation that selfing (a highly derived mating system) may moderate the strength of sexual selection and limit the accumulation of bindin amino acid differences. The results implicate both positive selection on single codons and concerted evolution within the repetitive region in bindin divergence, and suggest that both single amino acid differences and repeat differences may affect sperm–egg binding and reproductive compatibility.

Print ISSN: 0737-4038

Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719

Topics: Biology