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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of solid state electrochemistry 2 (1998), S. 94-98 
    ISSN: 1433-0768
    Keywords: Key words Monel ; Copper ; Steam-generator ; N-methylpyrrolidine ; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The nature of the oxide films formed on monel-400 and copper in presence of NaOH and N-methylpyrrolidine (a volatile amine) at pH 9.5 and in 0.1 M KNO3 medium were investigated. The oxide films were grown by applying an anodic potential of +0.4 V (vs saturated calomel electrode) for 30 min. The compositions of the surface oxide films were analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In the case of copper in NaOH medium, Cu(0) and a very small amount of copper hydroxide were observed. However, in amine medium, Cu(0) and Cu-amine complex were found. For monel in NaOH, the anodic film was found to contain hydroxides of both copper and nickel. After sputtering, this film showed a small amount of metal oxide below the hydroxide layer as confirmed by the oxygen peak. In amine medium the anodic film was found to contain only nickel hydroxide and metallic copper. The depth profile analysis of films showed that the film developed was very thin and the nickel hydroxide was sputtered very easily from the film.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-0768
    Keywords: Key words Nickel-based alloys ; Crevice corrosion ; White water ; Passive films ; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recycled water in the paper industry acts as a stronger electrolyte as its concentration and temperature are quite high. The lower pH that exists in these solutions enhances the corrosion and the high concentration of solids leads to leaching of metal ions from surface. Crevice corrosion is a form of localised attack, which can quickly induce metal perforation even with high grade stainless steels like 316L when the protective chromium oxide film is damaged. A specially designed crevice cell assembly was used to study the electrochemical aspects of nickel-based alloys with the commonly used 316L SS. The mounted specimen with its crevice was anodically polarised in a white water medium, which is normally encountered in the paper machine section. The nickel-based alloys show remarkable crevice corrosion resistance. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies revealed that the enhanced corrosion resistance of these alloys is due to the contributing nature of the individual elements Cr, Ni and Mo and their presence in the form of various oxidised species on the passive films.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Komplexierung von Cu mit Morpholin (Tetrahydroxo-1,4-oxazin) wurde in alkalischer Lösung mit der Gleichstrompolarographie und der differentiellen Pulspolarographie untersucht. Im pH-Bereich 8,7–9,8 bildet Cu einen gemischten Morpholinhydroxokomplex, der an der Quecksilbertropfelektrode unter Aufnahme von 2 Elektronen reversibel reduziert wird. Die Ligandenzahl für das Hydroxid und das Morpholin und die stoechiometrische Stabilitätskonstante wurden aus der Verschiebung des Halbstufenpotentials nach der Methode von Fischer und Hall berechnet. Die Resultate weisen auf die Bildung eines Cu(II)-Komplexes mit einem Hydroxid- und zwei Morpholinliganden hin. Auf Grund der Untersuchung der optischen Spektren im sichtbaren Bereich und der ESR-Spektren liegt die monomere Struktur [CuL2(OH) (H2O)3]+ mit einer oktaedrischen Konfiguration in der Lösung vor. Die Bildung eines Dimers ist auf Grund der optischen Untersuchungen ausgeschlossen. Der Mittelwert der Stabilitätskonstante beträgt etwa 1018 und weist auf eine viel stärkere Bindung als beim Cu-Ammoniak-Komplex mit der gleichen sterischen Konfiguration hin. Die starke Komplexierung von Cu mit dem Morpholin, das im Kesselspeisewasser der Kraftwerke als pH-regulierendes Antikorrosionsmittel eingesetzt wird, kann einen wesentlichen Einfluß auf die chemische Verbindungsform von Cu und dadurch auf die Aufnahme von Cu durch das Plankton in natürlichen Gewässern im Einleitungsbereich von Kraftwerksabwasser ausüben.
    Notes: Summary The speciation of Cu with morpholine (tetrahydroxo-1,4-oxazine) was studied in alkaline solutions bydc- and differential pulse polarography. In the pH range 8.7–9.8 Cu forms a mixed morpholinehydroxo complex which is reduced reversibly at the dropping mercury electrode by the uptake of 2 electrons. By the evaluation procedure of Fisher and Hall for the half-wave potential shift of a metal ion complexed with two different types of ligands the ligand number for hydroxide and morpholine and the stoichiometric complexity constant have been determined fromdc-polarographic and differential pulse polarographic data. The resulting values indicate the formation of a Cu(II) complex containing one hydroxide and two morpholine groups. From the visible spectra and the ESR-spectra the monomeric [CuL2(OH)(H2O)3]+ with octahedral structure emerges as the only possible structure and the formation of a dimer is clearly excluded. The average value of the stability constant is about 1018 and indicates a stronger binding than that for the Cu-ammonia-complex of the same sterical configuration. The strong complexation of Cu with morpholine in boiler waters of power stations containing morpholine as a pH regulating anticorrosive agent may have significant consequences on the chemical speciation of Cu in effluent waters and consequently on the Cu-uptake by planktonic species in natural waters into which those effluent water is discharged.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die starke Komplexierung von Cu durch Cyklohexylamin (CHA) im Kühlwasser von Kraftwerken, dem Cyklohexylamin als pH-regulierendes Korrosionsschutzmittel zugegeben wird, kann in technischer Hinsicht Bedeutung für die Auflösung von Cu aus den Legierungsbestandteilen der Wärmetauscherkomponenten haben. Die Komplexbildung von Cu(I) mit Cyklohexylamin wurde in alkalischen Lösungen im pH-Bereich 8,6–10 mit der differentiellen Pulspolarographie untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, daß die Cu-Peaks der reversiblen Reduktion der Cu(I)-Komplexe an der Quecksilbertropfelektrode entsprechen. Die erste Reduktionsstufe von Cu(II)/Cu(I) erscheint nur als eine Schulter auf der Oxydationsstufe von Hg. Die Potentiale der Cu(I)-Peaks werden in negativer Richtung mit zunehmender Cyklohexylamin-Konzentration und mit zunehmendem pH verschoben. Mit einem modifizierten DeFord-Hume-Verfahren wurden aus der Potentialverschiebung der Cu(I)Peaks 4 Komplexe identifiziert, der gemischte Komplex Cu(OH)(CHA), der Hydroxokomplex (Cu(OH)2)− und zwei Cu(I)-Cyklohexylaminkomplexe, Cu(CHA)2 + und Cu(CHA)3 +, und deren stöchiometrische Stabilitätskonstantenβij bestimmt. Die Logarithmen der Stabilitätskonstanten liegen im Bereich 11–17, was eine starke Bindung von Cu(I) anzeigt. Aus den entsprechenden Stabilitätskonstanten wurde die Cu-Verteilung auf die genannten Komplexe in Abhängigkeit von der Cyklohexylaminkonzentration und vom pH berechnet und dreidimensional graphisch dargestellt.
    Notes: Summary The strong complexation of Cu with cyclohexylamine in coolant waters of power stations containing this aminé as a pH regulating anticorrosion agent may have technically significant consequences affecting the dissolution of copper from the alloy material of the heat exchanger components. The speciation of Cu(I) with cyclohexylamine (CHA) was studied in alkaline solutions in the pH range from 8.6 to 10 by differential pulse polarography. It was proved that the peaks correspond to the reversible reduction of Cu(I) complexes at the DME. The first reduction step Cu(II)/Cu(I) appeared only as a shoulder on the Hg-oxidation peak. The potentials of the Cu(I)-peaks are shifted more negatively with increase of the cyclohexylamine concentration and the pH. A modified DeFord-Hume-treatment was applied for the evaluation of the stoichiometric overall stability constantsβi andβij and ligand numbers of the formed simple complexes (Cu(CHA)2)+, (Cu(CHA)3)+, (Cu(OH)2)− and the mixed uncharged complex (Cu(OH) (CHA)) from the relationships between the peak potential shiftsΔE p and the ligand concentrations. The logarithms of the stability constants logβ between 11 and 17 indicate a strong binding of Cu(I). From the resulting stability constants the distribution of Cu(I) among these complexes was calculated and also presented graphically as three-dimensional plots of the dependence of the formation degree as well on the cyclohexylamine concentration as on pH.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 204 (1996), S. 3-14 
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Electrolytes of alkaline zincate, acidified zinc sulphate, zinc-ammonia, zinc-ammonia-EDTA, zinc-EDTA/NaOH have been examined in order to verify their applicability for electrodeposition (ED) of zinc on stainless steel (SS) disc at ppm level. Operating parameters suitable for ED of zinc at 90% deposition (amount of zinc removed from plating solution) on SS disc using a total 1 ppm zinc in a 5 cm3 bath volume were determined. It helped to prepare radioactive source (65Zn) using inactive Zn as carrier. Speciation of zinc in a Zn-oxalate-EDTA-ammonia bath has been computed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 240 (1999), S. 269-276 
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A method has been developed for the removal of cesium from the aqueous radioactive waste using a composite ion-exchanger consisting of Copper-Ferrocyanide Powder (CFC) and Polyurethane (PU) Foam. Polyvinyl acetate has been used as a binder in the preparation of CFC-PU foam. The physical properties of CFC such as density, surface area, IR stretching frequency and lattice parameters have been evaluated and also its potassium and copper(II) content have been estimated. Optimization of loading of CFC on PU foam has been studied. The CFC-PU was viewed under microscope to find out the homogeneity of distribution. Exchange capacities of the CFC-PU foam in different media have been determined and column studies have been carried out. Studies have been undertaken on extraction of cesium from CFC foam and also on digestion of spent CFC-PU foam and immobilization of digested solution in cement matrix. The cement matrices have been characterized with respect to density, bio-resistance and leaching resistance.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An intermediate level liquid waste (ILLW or Category III waste) stream was treated for the removal of radioactive Cs in pilot scale experiments, using three different ion exchange media. Results indicated that the polyacrylic fibre coated with cupric ferric hexacyanoferrate (CuFeHCF-fibre composite) was the most efficient, followed by cupric hexacyanoferrate loaded ion exchange resin (CuHCF-resin) and mixed zeolites (AR-1, 4A and 13X in the ratio 6:1:1). The mixed zeolites column and the CuFeHCF-fibre column were used in series in order to get a high total decontamination factor (DF). Leaching studies on the CuFeHCF-fibre composite loaded with137Cs, in demineralised (DM) water, tap water and ground water media indicated a release of about 19.3%, 25.5% and 41.3% of137Cs, respectively, in a period of about 8 months. XPS studies with CuFeHCF-fibre composite indicated some chemical interaction between the CuFeHCF precipitate and the polyacrylic fibre. Some of the possible disposal options for the CuFeHCF-fibre composite have also been discussed.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1996-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0236-5731
    Electronic ISSN: 1588-2780
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1998-03-11
    Print ISSN: 1432-8488
    Electronic ISSN: 1433-0768
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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