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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The different effects of PEG 6000 and NaCI on leaf development are associated with differential inhibition of root water transport (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 18 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The inhibitory effects of PEG on whole-plant growth can exceed the effects of other osmolytes such as NaCI, and this has been ascribed to toxic contaminants, or to reduced oxygen availability in PEG solutions. We investigated another possibility, namely that PEG has an additional inhibitory effect on root water transport which in turn affects leaf development. The effects on first-leaf growth of applications of PEG 6000 or isoosmotic NaCI to the roots were determined using hydroponically grown maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Leaf growth rates were inhibited within minutes of PEG application to the roots and remained inhibited for days. The inhibitory effects on growth of NaCI, and also of KCl and mannitol, were much smaller. The comparative effects of NaCI and PEG on root water transport were determined by assaying pressurized flow through excised roots. PEG induced a 7-fold greater inhibition of flow through live roots than NaCI. Killing of the roots by heat treatment, to reduce cell membrane resistances to solute penetration, nearly doubled the flow rate for roots in NaCI, but not for roots in PEG. We suggest that the greater viscosity of PEG solutions, as compared with NaCI, may be a primary factor contributing to the additional inhibition of water flow through live and killed roots. PEG did not have additional effects on leaf turgor but had a 3 times greater inhibitory effect than NaCI on the irreversible extensibility of the leaves and induced 16 times more leaf accumulation of the growth inhibitory stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA). We conclude that greater inhibition of root water transport by PEG 6000, as compared with NaCI, leads to additional reductions in extensibility, additional ABA accumulation, and a greater inhibition of leaf growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00575.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid microalgal metabolism of selenate to volatile dimethylselenide (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An axenically cultured isolate of single-celled freshwater microalgae (Chlorella sp.) metabolized toxic selenate to volatile dimethylselenide at exceptionally high rates when transferred from mineral-nutrient solution to water for 24 h. The Se-volatilization rates were orders of magnitude higher than those similarly measured for wetland macroalgae and higher plants. Ninety percent of 20 µm selenate supplied to the microalgae incubated without nutrients was removed through accumulation and volatilization. Additions of 1 mm sulphate but not nitrate, inhibited Se accumulation and volatilization so that only 1.8% of the supplied selenate was removed. The microalgae cultured in nutrient solution without sulphate showed increased 35S-sulphate-transporter activity. Selenium K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy of selenate-treated microalgae cultured with or without mineral nutrients, showed that 87% of the selenate accumulated during 24 h was reductively metabolized to intermediate organic compounds such as selenomethionine and selenocystine. This is in complete contrast to higher plants that show very limited reduction of selenate. It appears that high rates of Se accumulation and volatilization by the sulphate-deprived microalgae resulted from reduced competition with chemically analogous sulphate ions for selenate uptake via up-regulated sulphate/selenate transporters and rapid reductive metabolism of selenate. Hyper-volatilization of selenate by microalgal cells may provide a novel detoxification response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01022.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineral nutrient supply, cell wall adjustment and the control of leaf growth (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The possibility that changes in the plasticity of expanding cell walls are involved in regulating early leaf growth responses to nutrient deficiencies in monocot plants was investigated. Intact maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) which were hydroponically grown with their roots in low-nutrient solution (1 mol m−3 CaCl2) showed early inhibition of first-leaf growth, as compared with seedlings on complete nutrient solution. This early inhibition of leaf growth was not associated with reduced cell production. However, segmental elongation along the cell expansion zone at the base of the leaf and the lengths of mature epidermal cells were reduced by the low-nutrient treatment. Solute (osmotic) potentials in the expanding leaf tissues were unchanged. In contrast, low-nutrient treatments significantly altered leaf plasticity, i.e. the irreversible extension caused by applying a small force in the direction of leaf growth. For example, in vivo plasticity decreased, along with leaf growth, after transfer of seedlings from complete nutrient solution to low-nutrient solution for 15 h. Conversely, in vivo plasticity increased, along with leaf growth, after transfer of plants previously grown on low-nutrient solution to complete nutrient solution for 15 h. The nutrient treatments also induced similar changes in the in vitro plasticity of the expanding leaf cell walls. There were no consistent changes in elasticity. Thus, reductions in the plasticity of expanding leaf cell walls appear to be involved in controlling the early inhibition of maize leaf growth by root imposition of nutrient stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1997.d01-57.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hardening of root cell walls: a growth inhibitory response to salinity stress (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Primary roots of intact maize plants (Zea mays L.) grown for several days in nutrient solutions containing 100 mol m−3 NaCl and additional calcium, had relatively inhibited rates of elongation. Possible physical restraints underlying this salt induced inhibition were investigated. The inhibition did not involve reductions in osmotic potential gradients and turgor in the tip tissues responsible for root elongation growth. The apparent yield threshold pressure, which is related to capacity of cell walls to undergo loosening by stress relaxation, was estimated psychrometrically in excised root tips. Salinity increased yield threshold values. Comparative root extensibility values were obtained for intact plants by determining the initial (1 min) increase in root elongation rate induced by an 0.1 MPa osmotic jump. Comparative extensibility was significantly reduced in the salinized root tips. Salinity did not reduce capacities for water efflux and associated elastic contraction in root tip tissues of intact plants exposed to hypertonic mannitol. We conclude that cell wall hardening in the elongating root tips is an important component of root growth inhibition induced by long-term salinization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1994.tb00296.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid and reversible modifications of extension capacity of cell walls in elongating maize leaf tissues responding to root addition and removal of NaCl (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 16 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A creep extensiometer technique was used to provide direct evidence that short (20 min) and long-term (3d) exposures of roots to growth inhibitory levels of salinity (100mol m-3 NaCl) induce reductions in the irreversible extension capacity of cell walls in the leaf elongation zone of intact maize seedlings (Zea mays L.). The long-term inhibition of cell wall extension capacity was reversed within 20 min of salt withdrawal from the root medium. Inhibited elongation of leaf epidermal tissues was also reversed after salt removal. The salt-induced changes in wall extension capacity were detected using in vivo and in vitro assays (shortly after localized freeze/thaw treatment of the basal elongation zone). The rapid reversal of the inhibition of wall extensibility and leaf growth after salt removal from root medium of long-term salinized plants, suggested that neither deficiencies in growth essential mineral nutrients nor toxic effects of NaCl on plasmamembrane viability were directly involved in the inhibition of leaf growth. There was consistent agreement between the scale, direction and timing of salinity-induced changes in leaf elongation growth and wall extension capacity. Rapid metabolically regulated changes in the physical properties of growing cell walls, caused by osmotic (or other) effects, appear to be a factor regulating maize leaf growth responses to root salinization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb02068.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nickel and zinc hyperaccumulation by Alyssum murale and Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae) do not enhance survival and whole-plant growth under drought stress (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nickel and Zn hyperaccumulation by Alyssum murale and Thlaspi caerulescens bear substantial energetic costs and should confer benefits to the plant. This research determined whether metal hyperaccumulation can increase osmotic adjustment and resistance to water stress (drought). Alyssum murale and Thlaspi caerulescens treated with low or high concentrations of Ni or Zn were exposed to moderate (−0·4 MPa) and severe (−1·0 MPa) water stresses using aqueous polyethylene glycol. In the absence of metals both water deficits inhibited shoot growth. Nickel and Zn hyperaccumulation did not ameliorate growth inhibition by either level of water stress. The water stress did not induce major changes in shoot metal concentrations of these constitutive hyperaccumulators. Moreover, metal hyperaccumulation had minimal effects on the osmolality of leaf-sap extracts, relative water content of the shoots, or rate of evapotranspiration. It is concluded that Ni or Zn hyperaccumulation does not augment whole-plant capacity for drought resistance in A. murale and T. caerulescens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.00959.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible involvement of a glycerophosphate compound in auxin induced growth (1971)
    Springer
    Planta 99 (1971), S. 56-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An unknown compound previously extracted from sterile pea stem sections, has been identified as a glycerol and phosphate containing compound with a molecular weight of 5000. The auxin, IAA, has been shown to stimulate the incorporation of 32P orthophosphate into the compound in five minutes i.e., before the onset of stimulated growth rates. Possible mechanisms underlying auxin induced growth are discussed in the light of the above findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392120
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Malate dismutation by Desulfovibrio (1970)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 71 (1970), S. 214-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Nine strains of Desulfovibrio, representing 4 species, grew by dismutation of malate in “sulphate-free” medium; succinate, fumarate and acetate were end-products of growth. 2. Two strains of D. vulgaris could only grow in malate medium in presence of sulphate as terminal electron acceptor. 3. Two dismuting strains of D. desulfuricans and two non-dismuting strains of D. vulgaris, all grown in a lactate medium, showed fumarase activity of the same order of magnitude. 4. The two dismuting strains showed high succinate dehydrogenase activity when grown in lactate medium; one of the non-dismuting strains (Woolwich) exhibited very low activity, while in the other non-dismuter (Hildenborough) the presence of succinate dehydrogenase was not conclusively proved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00410154
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gelatin-based sprayable foam as a skin substitute (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 9-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Physical and antimicrobial properties of a newly developed gelatin based spray-on foam bandage for use on skin wounds have been evaluated. The aqueous foam is sprayed from aerosol containers and effectively covers and washes uneven wound surfaces. The foam dries to form an adherent and stable three-dimensional matrix which diminishes evaporative water losses. The foam possesses antimicrobial activity against gram-positive, gram-negative, and fungal contaminants.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820150105
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  • 10
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    Malate dismutation by Desulfovibrio (1970)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1970-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0003-9276
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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