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1

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REGIONAL HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE OF LOBLOLLY PINE TO AIR TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION CHANGES (1997)

McNulty, Steven G. ; Vose, James M. ; Swank, Wayne T

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33 (1997), S. 0

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ISSN: 1752-1688

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography

Notes: : Large deviations in average annual air temperatures and total annual precipitation were observed across the southern United States during the last 50 years, and these fluctuations could become even larger during the next century. We used PnET-IIS, a monthly time-step forest process model that uses soil, vegetation, and climate inputs to assess the influence of changing climate on southern U.S. pine forest water use. After model predictions of historic drainage were validated, the potential influences of climate change on loblolly pine forest water use was assessed across the region using historic (1951 to 1984) monthly precipitation and air temperature which were modified by two general circulation models (GCMs). The GCMs predicted a 3.2°C to 7.2°C increase in average monthly air temperature, a -24 percent to + 31 percent change in monthly precipitation and a -1 percent to + 3 percent change in annual precipitation. As a comparison to the GCMs, a minimum climate change scenario using a constant 2°C increase in monthly air temperature and a 20 percent increase in monthly precipitation was run in conjunction with historic climate data. Predicted changes in forest water drainage were highly dependent on the GCM used. PnET-IIS predicted that along the northern range of loblolly pine, water yield would decrease with increasing leaf area, total evapotranspiration and soil water stress. However, across most of the southern U.S., PnET-IIS predicted decreased leaf area, total evapotranspiration, and soil water stress with an associated increase in water yield. Depending on the GCM and geographic location, predicted leaf area decreased to a point which would no longer sustain loblolly pine forests, and thus indicated a decrease in the southern most range of the species within the region. These results should be evaluated in relation to other changing environmental factors (i.e., CO2 and O3) which are not present in the current model.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04120.x

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2

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Soil fertility limits carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems in a CO 2 -enriched atmosphere (2001)

Ellsworth, David S. ; Johnsen, Kurt H. ; Phillips, Nathan ; [et al.]

[s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.

Nature 411 (2001), S. 469-472

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ISSN: 1476-4687

Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Notes: [Auszug] Northern mid-latitude forests are a large terrestrial carbon sink. Ignoring nutrient limitations, large increases in carbon sequestration from carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization are expected in these forests. Yet, forests are usually relegated to sites of moderate to poor fertility, ...

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35078064

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3

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A COMPARISON OF SIX POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION METHODS FOR REGIONAL USE IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES (2005)

Lu, Jianbiao ; Sun, Ge ; McNulty, Steven G. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41 (2005), S. 0

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ISSN: 1752-1688

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography

Notes: : Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is an important index of hydrologic budgets at different spatial scales and is a critical variable for understanding regional biological processes. It is often an important variable in estimating actual evapotranspiration (AET) in rainfall-runoff and ecosystem modeling. However, PET is defined in different ways in the literature and quantitative estimation of PET with existing mathematical formulas produces inconsistent results. The objectives of this study are to contrast six commonly used PET methods and quantify the long term annual PET across a physiographic gradient of 36 forested watersheds in the southeastern United States. Three temperature based (Thornthwaite, Hamon, and Hargreaves-Samani) and three radiation based (Turc, Makkink, and Priestley-Taylor) PET methods are compared. Long term water balances (precipitation, streamflow, and AET) for 36 forest dominated watersheds from 0.25 to 8213 km2 in size were estimated using associated hydrometeorological and land use databases. The study found that PET values calculated from the six methods were highly correlated (Pearson Correlation Coefficient 0.85 to 1.00). Multivariate statistical tests, however, showed that PET values from different methods were significantly different from each other. Greater differences were found among the temperature based PET methods than radiation based PET methods. In general, the Priestley-Taylor, Turc, and Hamon methods performed better than the other PET methods. Based on the criteria of availability of input data and correlations with AET values, the Priestley-Taylor, Turc, and Hamon methods are recommended for regional applications in the southeastern United States.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2005.tb03759.x

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4

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MODELING ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM FORESTED WATERSHEDS ACROSS THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES (2003)

Lu, Jianbiao ; Sun, Ge ; McNulty, Steven G. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0

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ISSN: 1752-1688

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography

Notes: : About 50 to 80 percent of precipitation in the southeastern United States returns to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration. As evapotranspiration is a major component in the forest water balances, accurately quantifying it is critical to predicting the effects of forest management and global change on water, sediment, and nutrient yield from forested watersheds. However, direct measurement of forest evapotranspiration on a large basin or a regional scale is not possible. The objectives of this study were to develop an empirical model to estimate long-term annual actual evapotranspiration (ART) for forested watersheds and to quantify spatial AET patterns across the southeast. A geographic information system (GIS) database including land cover, daily streamflow, and climate was developed using long term experimental and monitoring data from 39 forested watersheds across the region. Using the stepwise selection method implemented in a statistical modeling package, a long term annual AET model was constructed. The final multivariate linear model includes four independent variables—annual precipitation, watershed latitude, watershed elevation, and percentage of forest coverage. The model has an adjusted R2 of 0.794 and is sufficient to predict long term annual ART for forested watersheds across the southeastern United States. The model developed by this study may be used to examine the spatial variability of water availability, estimate annual water loss from mesoscale watersheds, and project potential water yield change due to forest cover change.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04413.x

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5

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CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON THE HYDROLOGY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF A PINE PLANTATION (2000)

Sun, Ge ; Amatya, Devendra M. ; McNulty, Steven G. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36 (2000), S. 0

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ISSN: 1752-1688

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography

Notes: : There are increasing concerns in the forestry community about global climate change and variability associated with elevated atmospheric CO2. Changes in precipitation and increases in air temperature could impose additional stress on forests during the next century. For a study site in Carteret County, North Carolina, the General Circulation Model, HADCM2, predicts that by the year 2099, maximum air temperature will increase 1.6 to 1.9°C, minimum temperature will increase 2.5 to 2.8°C, and precipitation will increase 0 to 10 percent compared to the mid-1990s. These changes vary from season to season. We utilized a forest ecosystem process model, PnET-II, for studying the potential effects of climate change on drainage outflow, evapotranspiration, leaf area index (LAI) and forest Net Primary Productivity (NPP). This model was first validated with long term drainage and LAI data collected at a 25-ha mature loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) experimental watershed located in the North Carolina lower coastal plain. The site is flat with poorly drained soils and high groundwater table. Therefore, a high field capacity of 20 cm was used in the simulation to account for the topographic effects. This modeling study suggested that future climate change would cause a significant increase of drainage (6 percent) and forest productivity (2.5 percent). Future studies should consider the biological feedback (i.e., stomata conductance and water use efficiency) to air temperature change.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04274.x

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6

Electronic Resource

Forest biogeochemistry and primary production altered by nitrogen saturation (1995)

Aber, John D. ; Magill, Alison ; Mcnulty, Steven G. ; [et al.]

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1665-1670

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Keywords: NPP ; N Leaching ; Element Ratios ; Nitrification ; Mineralization

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract Results from four intensive site-level manipulations and one extensive field survey in northern temperate and boreal forests show a consistent set of responses to chronic N additions. These include 1) initial and often large increase in net N mineralization followed by decreases, 2) increases in net nitrification. 3) increases in N concentration in foliage, and 4) decreased Mg∶N and Ca∶Al ratios, and declining tree growth and vigor in all evergreen stands. These results are synthesized into a set of proposed summary relationships that define the temporal pattern of responses of N-limited systems to N additions.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477219

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7

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Aboveground biomass and nitrogen allocation of ten deciduous southern Appalachian tree species (1998)

Martin, Jonathan G ; Kloeppel, Brian D ; Schaefer, Tara L ; [et al.]

Canadian Science Publishing

In: Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 1998; 28(11): 1648-1659. Published 1998 Nov 01. doi: 10.1139/x98-146.

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Publication Date: 1998-11-01

Description: Allometric equations were developed for mature trees of 10 deciduous species (Acer rubrum L., Betula lenta L., Carya spp., Cornus florida L., Liriodendron tulipifera L., Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC., Quercus alba L., Quercus coccinea Muenchh., Quercus prinus L., and Quercus rubra L.) at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in western North Carolina, U.S.A. These equations included the following dependent variables: stem wood mass, stem bark mass, branch mass, total wood mass, foliage mass, total biomass, foliage area, stem surface area, sapwood volume, and total tree volume. High correlation coefficients (R2) were observed for all variables versus stem diameter, with the highest being for total tree biomass, which ranged from 0.981 for Oxydendrum arboreum to 0.999 for Quercus coccinea. Foliage area had the lowest R2 values, ranging from 0.555 for Quercus alba to 0.962 for Betula lenta. When all species were combined, correlation coefficients ranged from 0.822 for foliage area to 0.986 for total wood mass, total tree biomass, and total tree volume. Species with ring versus diffuse/semiring porous wood anatomy exhibited higher leaf area with a given cross-sectional sapwood area as well as lower total sapwood volume. Liriodendron tulipifera contained one of the highest foliar nitrogen concentrations and had consistently low branch, bark, sapwood, and heartwood nitrogen contents. For a tree diameter of 50 cm, Carya spp. exhibited the highest total nitrogen content whereas Liriodendron tulipifera exhibited the lowest.

Print ISSN: 0045-5067

Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition