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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Sister Bay : Caxton
    Call number: PIK N 421-10-0249
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction ; 2. Environmental setting ; 3. Dating and analytical methods ; 4. Gorges and Lake Ellis glaciations ; 5. Naro Moru and Teleki glaciations ; 6. The Liki glaciation ; 7. Holocene (pre-Neoglaciation) and late glacial record ; 8. Neoglaciation ; 9. Soil morphogenesis ; 10. Aminostratigraphy ; 11. Paleoclimatic reconstructions ; 12. Ecological and geomorphological processes ; 13. Intermountain correlations and the deep sea record ; 14. Summary
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XVI, 386 S. : Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    ISBN: 0940473194
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Primates 34 (1993), S. 311-319 
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Geophagy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sand fractions of weathered regolith (subsoil) sediments from the flanks of Visoke Volcano in the Virunga Mountains, mined, pulverized, and eaten by mountain gorillas, were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-despersive spectrometry (EDS) to determine the stimulus of geophagic behavior. The samples show a mix of weathered and volcanic minerals consisting primarily of quartz, apatite, analbite, sanidine, amphibole, ilmenite, and magnetite. The ratio of weathered to fresh grains is approximately 6:1 for the coarse sands (2 mm – 250 µm) and 13:1 for the fine fractions (63 – 250 µm) with the fresh grains very extensively fractured and abraded after grinding and rubbing by gorilla hand. In many cases the core of individual grains was exposed beneath a surface cover extensively etched by chemical weathering and often coated with Fe and Al plus clay minerals. Ground quartz grains, for example, showed surface fractures and abrasion features equivalent to microtextures produced by transport in continental glaciers. Grinding of earth materials produces a high percentage of angular fragments of fine sand size that may or may not play some role in curing intestinal ailments or countering dietary deficiencies. In particular, the grinding of earth materials shows the immense power of the gorilla hand as a pulverizing force making coarse material finer and presumably assisting in the ingesting process. The number of halloysite clay minerals present in the samples might assist in countering the effects of diarrhea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Geophagy ; Chimpanzees ; Self-medication ; Metahalloysite ; Kaopectate™
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Earth from a termite mound in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, eaten by chimpanzees, was analyzed to determine the possible stimulus, or stimuli, for geophagy. The termite mound sample contains relatively high aluminum (10.0%), iron (3.0%), and sodium (0.5%). This correlates well with the mineralogy of the clay (〈2 µm) fraction, which is high in metahalloysite, a 1:1 (Si:Al=1:1) clay mineral similar in chemical composition to the clay mineral kaolinite, and smectite (montmorillonite), which is a 2:1 expandable clay mineral. The combination of metahalloysite and smectite produces a substance much like the pharmaceutical Kaopectate™ widely used by humans as an anti-diarrheal agent. These analyses and preliminary observations linking geophagy with instances of severe diarrhea, and other signs of gastrointestinal upset in the Mahale chimpanzees, suggest that one function for the ingestion of this substance by chimpanzees may be to help provide temporary relief from gastrointestinal ailments. Further detailed investigations into the relationship between health and geophagy should provide important insights into the diverse roles of this behavior as a form of self-medication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) occasionally eat material from weathered regolith (subsoil) sediments in the Virunga Mountains of northwestern Rwanda. The possible nutritional significance of this behaviour has been investigated by analyzing the geochemistry, primary mineral composition, and clay content of several regolith and surface soil (paleosol) samples. Iron, Na, and Br content may be important in geophagy, and clay present in the soil may also have nutritional importance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Geophagy ; Zoo pharmacognosy ; Chemical and mineral ecology ; Chimpanzees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four soil samples from the Kibale Forest, Uganda, representative of material regularly ingested by chimpanzees, were studied for their mineral, chemical, and geochemical composition. These geophagy soils have a high content of metahalloysite, a partially hydrated clay mineral that may act much like the pharmaceutical Kaopectate™. Among the elements that may act as a stimulus or stimuli for geophagy behavior, only iron is very high (total iron ranges from 6% to 17%); other possibilities such as calcium, chromium, cobalt, bromine, and iodine are either relatively low or are below their detection limits. Chlorine is below detection limits which eliminates sodium chloride as a possible stimulus. Depending on relative availability in the gut, iron offers the most likely chemical stimulus for geophagy and given the mineral composition of the samples, metahalloysite is the most likely mineral stimulus. Iron may play a role in replenishing hemoglobin which would be important in chimpanzee physiology at high elevations near the flanks of the Ruwenzori Mountains. Metahalloysite, which in this case exists in a relatively pure crystalline form, may well act to quell symptoms of diarrhea and act similarly to Kaopectate™. Organic chemical analyses indicate only traces of organic matter and no humic acids in the K14-E14 sample.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: Airborne pollutants ; soils ; northwestern China ; palaeosols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Surface palaeosols in two tills and a diamicton from an area in northwestern China were analysed for geochemical pollutants. Elevated levels of Br, As and Sb indicate that pollution from coal-burning and/or coal-fired electricity generating stations is delivered by aeolian transport into palaeosols dating from the last glaciation. Because the climate in the field area is sub-humid (precipitation 〈760 mm) the relative movement of soluble elements in palaeosols dating from early and late stades of the last glaciation is not expected to be high. The glacial and aeolian parent materials of the palaeosols indicate differences that are probably related to their source areas and to the incorporation of geochemical pollutants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Primates 34 (1993), S. 85-91 
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Geophagy ; Soil geochemistry and mineralogy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three groups of soils from two Japanese monkey parks at Arashiyama (Honshu) and Takasakiyama (Kyushu) were analyzed for their geochemistry and clay and primary mineral content. Two groups (Y and T) of soils are regularly eaten by Japanese macaques; a third group (N) is not eaten. Of the elements analyzed, soil group N (not eaten) is within the range of all elements in the Y group, and is very different from the T group. These preliminary data suggest there is no chemical stimulus in soil eating behaviour. We also analyzed the mineralogy of the clay fraction (〈2 µm) but could find only a possible stimulus from ingesting plagioclase and orthoclase minerals. The clay mineral content consists of small to trace amounts of metahalloysite that might play a role in countering the effects of diarrhea. However, from the available data there are no clear trends that would provide a stimulus for geophagic behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Geophagy ; Macaca mulatta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Soil mining and eating (geophagy) behavior of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, is described and assessed with respect to the chemical, geochemical, and mineralogical composition of the ingested materials. The samples forming the uneaten (control) and eaten (matrix and blocky) groups of soils come from the top and flanks of a marine terrace underlain with volcanic tuff on Cayo Santiago, off the east shore of Puerto Rico. Both the uneaten and geophagy samples were analyzed to determine particle size distributions, clay and primary mineralogy, and soil chemical and geochemical compositions. Primary minerals such as orthoclase and plagioclase feldspar in the clay fraction is higher in the control group than in the ingested samples. Both the control and matrix plus blocky samples have moderate to abundant amounts of kaolinite and halloysite (both silicon:aluminum = 1:1 type clay minerals) that may be important as a stimulus to geophagy behavior. The pH, total salts, and phosphorus levels in both the control and geophagy samples show considerable overlap with little clear indication of causal factors. Analysis of the geochemical data showed no clear cut elemental differences to suggest elemental supplementation as a possible explanation for mining and eating of tropical soil. It is possible that rhesus macaques ingest clay to obtain kaolinite/halloysite minerals which may alter the taste of their provided food, and may act as pharmaceutical agents to alleviate intestinal ailments such as diarrhea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die Analyse und Interpretation glazialer Formen der Prä-Brunhes Periode (〉 0,73 — 0,79 my) im Einzugsgebiet des Flusses Nithi an der Ostflanke des Mount Kenya läßt typische Merkmale der Dynamik altquartärer Vereisungen erkennen. Die glaziale Serie setzt sich aus mehreren Folgen von Grund- und Endmoränen, subglazialen Füllungen von Gletscherspalten, Schmelzwasserablagerungen und äolischen Sedimenten zusammen. Hinzu kommen geringmächtige Lagen subaquatisch abgelagerten Moränenmaterials. Die Formensequenz repräsentiert zwei ausgeprägte Vereisungsphasen, von denen die ältere (Gorges Vereisung) eine größere Ausdehnung erreicht als die jüngere (Lake Ellis Vereisung). Die Gorges Vereisung begann mit der Ablagerung von Moränenmaterial unter Wasser über verwitterten Tuffen gefolgt von kuppiger Endmoräne, subglazialen Spaltenfüllungen und äolischen Ablagerungen. Zu Beginn der Lake Ellis Vereisung wurde End- und Grundmoränenmaterial sowie Schmelzwasserablagerungen über verwitterten Tuffen sedimentiert. Danach wurden äolische Sedimente gebildet. Die paläoklimatischen und glazialmorphologischen Wechselwirkungen können durch die Untersuchung der Sedimente und deren Verwitterungsgrad sowie der speziellen Formen ermittelt werden. Nahe dem Eisrand der Gorges Vereisung wurde Material in einem aquatischen, subglazialen Milieu abgelagert. Die überdeckende Moräne kann als basaler Geschiebelehm angesehen werden. Kuppige Endmoränen repräsentieren eine spätere Phase der Stagnation des Eises während dieser Periode, an deren Ende es schließlich zur Ablagerung von Abtaumoränen und geringmächtigem Geschiebelehm kam. Subglaziale Spaltenfüllungen in der Nachbarschaft der kuppigen Endmoräne geben Hinweise auf einen statischen Eisrand am Ende der Gorges Vereisung.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; early pleistocene ; pre-brunhes period ; glacial morphology ; glacial sequence ; paleoclimate ; geomorphologic studies africa — mount kenya
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Ein rezenter Boden und zwei begrabene Paläoböden, Einheiten II-III-IV (oberer) und IV (unterer)-V, liefern wichtige Informationen über Paläoklima und Abflußverhältnisse in den Virunga-Bergen von trockeneren zu feuchteren paläoklimatischen Phasen des Spätglazials bis zu mittleren postglazialen Zeiten. Zusammenfassend betrachtet, weist die stratigraphische Abfolge zunächst auf eine Verwitterungsperiode des Festgesteins hin, der eine Phase folgt, in der tuffige Schichten abgelagert wurden. Die Zeit war von einer Verwitterung unter trockeneren und vielleicht kälteren Bedingungen begleitet. Später, während des letzten Glazials, kam es bei verstärkter Aktivität der Flüsse zur Sedimentation von Schwemmlandablagerungen, die von einer dünnen Tuff-Schicht überdeckt wurden. Diese Sedimente sind intensiver verwittert als die liegenden Schichten. Der rezente Boden zeigt eine vergleichsweise geringe Verwitterung mobiler Elemente, was darauf hindeutet, daß die Klimaverhältnisse im späten Mittel-Holozän und Spät-Holozän etwas trockener und vielleicht kühler waren als im Früh-Holozän. Die Geochemie der drei Böden zeigt eine bedeutende Abnahme von Na, Ca und K im mittleren Paläoböden im Vergleich zum älteren Paläoböden und zu den rezenten Böden. Eisen als ein wichtiger Indikator für das Paläoklima deutet daraufhin, daß die mittleren Einheiten II und III des oberen Paläobodens unter feuchteren Klimabedingungen als heute entstanden sind. Die Radiokarbon-Datierungen des mittleren Paläobodens zeigen, daß dieser Boden einer sub-aerischen Verwitterung vom Kalambo-Interstadial (» 25000 Jahre vor heute) bis zum Mittel-Holozän ausgesetzt war. Die gesamte Verwitterung im mittleren Abschnitt ist zu weit fortgeschritten und während des Holozäns entstanden. Die relativ hohe Konzentration von Th in den anstehenden Festgesteinen, Tuffen, Schwemmlandsedimenten und Hangrutschmassen zeigt, daß Th die Quelle der Radioaktivität ist, von der andere Autoren aus den Virunga-Bergen berichten.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; stratigraphy ; geochemistry ; virunga mountains ; northwestern rwanda ; quaternary ; africa ; palaeomagnetic research
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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