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  • 1
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    Interpreting sequences from mastodon and T. rex (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-09-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Asara, John M -- Garavelli, John S -- Slatter, David A -- Schweitzer, Mary H -- Freimark, Lisa M -- Phillips, Matthew -- Cantley, Lewis C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 7;317(5843):1324-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17823333" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bone and Bones/chemistry ; Collagen/*chemistry ; *Dinosaurs ; *Elephants ; *Fossils ; Glycine/chemistry ; Mass Spectrometry ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Proline/chemistry ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Protein sequences from mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex revealed by mass spectrometry (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-04-14
    Description: Fossilized bones from extinct taxa harbor the potential for obtaining protein or DNA sequences that could reveal evolutionary links to extant species. We used mass spectrometry to obtain protein sequences from bones of a 160,000- to 600,000-year-old extinct mastodon (Mammut americanum) and a 68-million-year-old dinosaur (Tyrannosaurus rex). The presence of T. rex sequences indicates that their peptide bonds were remarkably stable. Mass spectrometry can thus be used to determine unique sequences from ancient organisms from peptide fragmentation patterns, a valuable tool to study the evolution and adaptation of ancient taxa from which genomic sequences are unlikely to be obtained.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Asara, John M -- Schweitzer, Mary H -- Freimark, Lisa M -- Phillips, Matthew -- Cantley, Lewis C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 13;316(5822):280-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA. jasara@bidmc.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17431180" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bone and Bones/*chemistry ; Collagen/chemistry ; *Dinosaurs ; *Elephants ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Fossils ; Humans ; *Mass Spectrometry ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Proteins/analysis/*chemistry ; Reptilian Proteins/analysis/*chemistry ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, Protein ; Struthioniformes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Analyses of soft tissue from Tyrannosaurus rex suggest the presence of protein (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-04-14
    Description: We performed multiple analyses of Tyrannosaurus rex (specimen MOR 1125) fibrous cortical and medullary tissues remaining after demineralization. The results indicate that collagen I, the main organic component of bone, has been preserved in low concentrations in these tissues. The findings were independently confirmed by mass spectrometry. We propose a possible chemical pathway that may contribute to this preservation. The presence of endogenous protein in dinosaur bone may validate hypotheses about evolutionary relationships, rates, and patterns of molecular change and degradation, as well as the chemical stability of molecules over time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schweitzer, Mary Higby -- Suo, Zhiyong -- Avci, Recep -- Asara, John M -- Allen, Mark A -- Arce, Fernando Teran -- Horner, John R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Apr 13;316(5822):277-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. schweitzer@ncsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17431179" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone and Bones/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; Collagen Type I/*analysis/ultrastructure ; *Dinosaurs ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; *Fossils ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Biomolecular characterization and protein sequences of the Campanian hadrosaur B. canadensis (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-02
    Description: Molecular preservation in non-avian dinosaurs is controversial. We present multiple lines of evidence that endogenous proteinaceous material is preserved in bone fragments and soft tissues from an 80-million-year-old Campanian hadrosaur, Brachylophosaurus canadensis [Museum of the Rockies (MOR) 2598]. Microstructural and immunological data are consistent with preservation of multiple bone matrix and vessel proteins, and phylogenetic analyses of Brachylophosaurus collagen sequenced by mass spectrometry robustly support the bird-dinosaur clade, consistent with an endogenous source for these collagen peptides. These data complement earlier results from Tyrannosaurus rex (MOR 1125) and confirm that molecular preservation in Cretaceous dinosaurs is not a unique event.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schweitzer, Mary H -- Zheng, Wenxia -- Organ, Chris L -- Avci, Recep -- Suo, Zhiyong -- Freimark, Lisa M -- Lebleu, Valerie S -- Duncan, Michael B -- Vander Heiden, Matthew G -- Neveu, John M -- Lane, William S -- Cottrell, John S -- Horner, John R -- Cantley, Lewis C -- Kalluri, Raghu -- Asara, John M -- AA 13913/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- CA 125550/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK 55001/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK 61866/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK 62987/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AA013913/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA125550/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK055001/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK062987/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 1;324(5927):626-31. doi: 10.1126/science.1165069.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. schweitzer@ncsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407199" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Birds/classification ; Bone Demineralization Technique ; Bone Matrix/chemistry ; Collagen/analysis/*chemistry/isolation & purification ; *Dinosaurs/classification ; Elastin/analysis ; Femur/blood supply/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; *Fossils ; Hemoglobins/analysis ; Immunologic Techniques ; Laminin/analysis ; Mass Spectrometry ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Osteocytes/ultrastructure ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/isolation & purification ; Phylogeny ; Proteins/analysis/*chemistry/isolation & purification ; Sequence Alignment
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Gender-specific reproductive tissue in ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-06-04
    Description: Unambiguous indicators of gender in dinosaurs are usually lost during fossilization, along with other aspects of soft tissue anatomy. We report the presence of endosteally derived bone tissues lining the interior marrow cavities of portions of Tyrannosaurus rex (Museum of the Rockies specimen number 1125) hindlimb elements, and we hypothesize that these tissues are homologous to specialized avian tissues known as medullary bone. Because medullary bone is unique to female birds, its discovery in extinct dinosaurs solidifies the link between dinosaurs and birds, suggests similar reproductive strategies, and provides an objective means of gender differentiation in dinosaurs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schweitzer, Mary H -- Wittmeyer, Jennifer L -- Horner, John R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jun 3;308(5727):1456-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. schweitzer@ncsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15933198" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone and Bones/*anatomy & histology/ultrastructure ; Chickens/anatomy & histology ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology ; Dromaiidae/anatomy & histology ; Female ; Femur/anatomy & histology ; Male ; Palaeognathae/*anatomy & histology ; Reproduction ; *Sex Characteristics ; Sex Determination Analysis ; Struthioniformes/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Soft-tissue vessels and cellular preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-26
    Description: Soft tissues are preserved within hindlimb elements of Tyrannosaurus rex (Museum of the Rockies specimen 1125). Removal of the mineral phase reveals transparent, flexible, hollow blood vessels containing small round microstructures that can be expressed from the vessels into solution. Some regions of the demineralized bone matrix are highly fibrous, and the matrix possesses elasticity and resilience. Three populations of microstructures have cell-like morphology. Thus, some dinosaurian soft tissues may retain some of their original flexibility, elasticity, and resilience.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schweitzer, Mary H -- Wittmeyer, Jennifer L -- Horner, John R -- Toporski, Jan K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Mar 25;307(5717):1952-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Marine, Earth, Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. schweitzer@ncsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15790853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Vessels/*anatomy & histology/cytology ; Bone Demineralization Technique ; Bone Matrix ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology/*blood supply/*cytology ; Cell Separation ; DNA/analysis ; Dinosaurs/*anatomy & histology ; Elasticity ; Femur/anatomy & histology/blood supply ; *Fossils ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Montana ; Osteocytes/*cytology/ultrastructure ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Detecting dinosaur DNA (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-05-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hedges, S B -- Schweitzer, M H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 May 26;268(5214):1191-2; author reply 1194.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7761839" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Consensus Sequence ; Cytochrome b Group/*genetics ; DNA/*genetics ; *Fossils ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Molecular phylogenetics of mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-26
    Description: We report a molecular phylogeny for a nonavian dinosaur, extending our knowledge of trait evolution within nonavian dinosaurs into the macromolecular level of biological organization. Fragments of collagen alpha1(I) and alpha2(I) proteins extracted from fossil bones of Tyrannosaurus rex and Mammut americanum (mastodon) were analyzed with a variety of phylogenetic methods. Despite missing sequence data, the mastodon groups with elephant and the T. rex groups with birds, consistent with predictions based on genetic and morphological data for mastodon and on morphological data for T. rex. Our findings suggest that molecular data from long-extinct organisms may have the potential for resolving relationships at critical areas in the vertebrate evolutionary tree that have, so far, been phylogenetically intractable.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Organ, Chris L -- Schweitzer, Mary H -- Zheng, Wenxia -- Freimark, Lisa M -- Cantley, Lewis C -- Asara, John M -- F32 GM075490/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 25;320(5875):499. doi: 10.1126/science.1154284.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18436782" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/classification/genetics ; Bone and Bones ; Collagen Type I/*chemistry/genetics ; Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology/*classification/*genetics ; Elephants/anatomy & histology/*classification/*genetics ; Fossils ; Likelihood Functions ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Heme compounds in dinosaur trabecular bone (1997)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-10
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Preservation of Bone Collagen from the Late Cretaceous Period Studied by Immunological Techniques and Atomic Force Microscopy (2005)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0743-7463
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5827
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by American Chemical Society
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