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  • 1
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    Evolution of softground and hardground communities [Evolution] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-22
    Description: Contrasts between the Cambrian Explosion (CE) and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) have long been recognized. Whereas the vast majority of body plans were established as a result of the CE, taxonomic increases during the GOBE were manifested at lower taxonomic levels. Assessing changes of ichnodiversity and ichnodisparity as...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Limitations of inclusive fitness [Evolution] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-11
    Description: Until recently, inclusive fitness has been widely accepted as a general method to explain the evolution of social behavior. Affirming and expanding earlier criticism, we demonstrate that inclusive fitness is instead a limited concept, which exists only for a small subset of evolutionary processes. Inclusive fitness assumes that personal fitness...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    High-flying diatoms: Widespread dispersal of microorganisms in an explosive volcanic eruption (2013)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-24
    Description: Explosive eruptions create a transient bridge between the solid Earth and atmosphere, frequently injecting volcanic aerosols to stratospheric levels. Although known to disrupt terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems at the surface, the role of explosive volcanism in airborne transport of microscopic organisms has never been characterized. This study documents abundant freshwater diatoms (microskeletons of siliceous algae) in widespread tephra from the 25.4 ka Oruanui eruption of Taupo volcano, New Zealand. By matching the tephra-hosted species assemblages to those in coerupted clasts of lacustrine sediment, we demonstrate that ~0.6 km 3 of diatom remains were incorporated during magma-water interaction with a lake system overlying the vents, and were dispersed along with fine ash particles hundreds of kilometers downwind. One of the dominant species, Cyclostephanos novaezeelandiae , is endemic to New Zealand’s North Island and serves as a unique identifier of the eruptive source region. Our results suggest that dispersal of microorganisms may be an overlooked feature of a number of ancient and modern eruptions, and indicate a novel pathway of microbe transport in airborne volcanic plumes. We conclude that the biogenic signatures contained within distal tephras have potential application in the characterization of eruption dynamics, location, and environmental settings of volcanic source areas.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 4
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    Comparative genomics of BCG vaccines by whole-genome DNA microarray (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-29
    Description: Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccines are live attenuated strains of Mycobacterium bovis administered to prevent tuberculosis. To better understand the differences between M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and the various BCG daughter strains, their genomic compositions were studied by performing comparative hybridization experiments on a DNA microarray. Regions deleted from BCG vaccines relative to the virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv reference strain were confirmed by sequencing across the missing segment of the H37Rv genome. Eleven regions (encompassing 91 open reading frames) of H37Rv were found that were absent from one or more virulent strains of M. bovis. Five additional regions representing 38 open reading frames were present in M. bovis but absent from some or all BCG strains; this is evidence for the ongoing evolution of BCG strains since their original derivation. A precise understanding of the genetic differences between closely related Mycobacteria suggests rational approaches to the design of improved diagnostics and vaccines.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Behr, M A -- Wilson, M A -- Gill, W P -- Salamon, H -- Schoolnik, G K -- Rane, S -- Small, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 28;284(5419):1520-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal H3G 1A4, Canada. mbgq@musica.mcgill.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10348738" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: BCG Vaccine/*genetics/immunology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Gene Deletion ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Humans ; Mycobacterium bovis/*genetics/immunology/pathogenicity ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/*genetics/immunology/pathogenicity ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Open Reading Frames ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; Virulence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Requirement for hippocampal CA3 NMDA receptors in associative memory recall (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-01
    Description: Pattern completion, the ability to retrieve complete memories on the basis of incomplete sets of cues, is a crucial function of biological memory systems. The extensive recurrent connectivity of the CA3 area of hippocampus has led to suggestions that it might provide this function. We have tested this hypothesis by generating and analyzing a genetically engineered mouse strain in which the N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptor gene is ablated specifically in the CA3 pyramidal cells of adult mice. The mutant mice normally acquired and retrieved spatial reference memory in the Morris water maze, but they were impaired in retrieving this memory when presented with a fraction of the original cues. Similarly, hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in mutant mice displayed normal place-related activity in a full-cue environment but showed a reduction in activity upon partial cue removal. These results provide direct evidence for CA3 NMDA receptor involvement in associative memory recall.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2877140/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2877140/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakazawa, Kazu -- Quirk, Michael C -- Chitwood, Raymond A -- Watanabe, Masahiko -- Yeckel, Mark F -- Sun, Linus D -- Kato, Akira -- Carr, Candice A -- Johnston, Daniel -- Wilson, Matthew A -- Tonegawa, Susumu -- F32 MH011390/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- F32 MH011390-03/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- F32 MH067462/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50-MH58880/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01-NS32925/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 12;297(5579):211-8. Epub 2002 May 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Picower Center for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12040087" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Cues ; Female ; Hippocampus/chemistry/cytology/*physiology ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Hybridization ; Interneurons/physiology ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Male ; Maze Learning ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Models, Neurological ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Pyramidal Cells/chemistry/*physiology ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics/*physiology ; Recombination, Genetic ; Synapses/physiology ; Synaptic Transmission/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Pif1 helicase and Poldelta promote recombination-coupled DNA synthesis via bubble migration (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-13
    Description: During DNA repair by homologous recombination (HR), DNA synthesis copies information from a template DNA molecule. Multiple DNA polymerases have been implicated in repair-specific DNA synthesis, but it has remained unclear whether a DNA helicase is involved in this reaction. A good candidate DNA helicase is Pif1, an evolutionarily conserved helicase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae important for break-induced replication (BIR) as well as HR-dependent telomere maintenance in the absence of telomerase found in 10-15% of all cancers. Pif1 has a role in DNA synthesis across hard-to-replicate sites and in lagging-strand synthesis with polymerase delta (Poldelta). Here we provide evidence that Pif1 stimulates DNA synthesis during BIR and crossover recombination. The initial steps of BIR occur normally in Pif1-deficient cells, but Poldelta recruitment and DNA synthesis are decreased, resulting in premature resolution of DNA intermediates into half-crossovers. Purified Pif1 protein strongly stimulates Poldelta-mediated DNA synthesis from a D-loop made by the Rad51 recombinase. Notably, Pif1 liberates the newly synthesized strand to prevent the accumulation of topological constraint and to facilitate extensive DNA synthesis via the establishment of a migrating D-loop structure. Our results uncover a novel function of Pif1 and provide insights into the mechanism of HR.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3915060/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3915060/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, Marenda A -- Kwon, YoungHo -- Xu, Yuanyuan -- Chung, Woo-Hyun -- Chi, Peter -- Niu, Hengyao -- Mayle, Ryan -- Chen, Xuefeng -- Malkova, Anna -- Sung, Patrick -- Ira, Grzegorz -- ES007061/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- ES015632/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- GM057814/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM080600/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM084242/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 ES007061/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01 ES015632/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM057814/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM080600/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM084242/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R03 ES016434/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008307/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32GM07526-34/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Oct 17;502(7471):393-6. doi: 10.1038/nature12585. Epub 2013 Sep 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24025768" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Crossing Over, Genetic ; DNA Helicases/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA Polymerase III/*metabolism ; DNA Repair ; *DNA Replication ; DNA, Fungal/*biosynthesis/chemistry/metabolism ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Rad51 Recombinase/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology/*genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-07-29
    Description: Simultaneous recordings were made from large ensembles of hippocampal "place cells" in three rats during spatial behavioral tasks and in slow-wave sleep preceding and following these behaviors. Cells that fired together when the animal occupied particular locations in the environment exhibited an increased tendency to fire together during subsequent sleep, in comparison to sleep episodes preceding the behavioral tasks. Cells that were inactive during behavior, or that were active but had non-overlapping spatial firing, did not show this increase. This effect, which declined gradually during each post-behavior sleep session, may result from synaptic modification during waking experience. Information acquired during active behavior is thus re-expressed in hippocampal circuits during sleep, as postulated by some theories of memory consolidation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, M A -- McNaughton, B L -- MH46823/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jul 29;265(5172):676-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neural Systems, Memory, and Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8036517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/physiology ; Animals ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Models, Neurological ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Pyramidal Cells/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred F344 ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Sleep/*physiology ; Spatial Behavior/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Dynamics of the hippocampal ensemble code for space (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-08-20
    Description: Ensemble recordings of 73 to 148 rat hippocampal neurons were used to predict accurately the animals' movement through their environment, which confirms that the hippocampus transmits an ensemble code for location. In a novel space, the ensemble code was initially less robust but improved rapidly with exploration. During this period, the activity of many inhibitory cells was suppressed, which suggests that new spatial information creates conditions in the hippocampal circuitry that are conducive to the synaptic modification presumed to be involved in learning. Development of a new population code for a novel environment did not substantially alter the code for a familiar one, which suggests that the interference between the two spatial representations was very small. The parallel recording methods outlined here make possible the study of the dynamics of neuronal interactions during unique behavioral events.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, M A -- McNaughton, B L -- MH46823/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Aug 20;261(5124):1055-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8351520" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Exploratory Behavior ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Interneurons/physiology ; Male ; *Memory ; Neurons/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred F344 ; *Space Perception
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Dentate gyrus NMDA receptors mediate rapid pattern separation in the hippocampal network (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-06-09
    Description: Forming distinct representations of multiple contexts, places, and episodes is a crucial function of the hippocampus. The dentate gyrus subregion has been suggested to fulfill this role. We have tested this hypothesis by generating and analyzing a mouse strain that lacks the gene encoding the essential subunit of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor NR1, specifically in dentate gyrus granule cells. The mutant mice performed normally in contextual fear conditioning, but were impaired in the ability to distinguish two similar contexts. A significant reduction in the context-specific modulation of firing rate was observed in the CA3 pyramidal cells when the mutant mice were transferred from one context to another. These results provide evidence that NMDA receptors in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus play a crucial role in the process of pattern separation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McHugh, Thomas J -- Jones, Matthew W -- Quinn, Jennifer J -- Balthasar, Nina -- Coppari, Roberto -- Elmquist, Joel K -- Lowell, Bradford B -- Fanselow, Michael S -- Wilson, Matthew A -- Tonegawa, Susumu -- G0501146/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MH62122/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50-MH58880/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jul 6;317(5834):94-9. Epub 2007 Jun 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17556551" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Cues ; Dentate Gyrus/cytology/*physiology ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Fear ; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology ; Learning/*physiology ; Maze Learning ; Memory/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; *Pattern Recognition, Physiological ; Perforant Pathway ; Pyramidal Cells/physiology ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics/*physiology ; Recombination, Genetic ; Synaptic Transmission
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Classical strong metal-support interactions between gold nanoparticles and titanium dioxide (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-14
    Description: Supported metal catalysts play a central role in the modern chemical industry but often exhibit poor on-stream stability. The strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) offers a route to control the structural properties of supported metals and, hence, their reactivity and stability. Conventional wisdom holds that supported Au cannot manifest a classical SMSI, which is characterized by reversible metal encapsulation by the support upon high-temperature redox treatments. We demonstrate a classical SMSI for Au/TiO 2 , evidenced by suppression of CO adsorption, electron transfer from TiO 2 to Au nanoparticles, and gold encapsulation by a TiO x overlayer following high-temperature reduction (reversed by subsequent oxidation), akin to that observed for titania-supported platinum group metals. In the SMSI state, Au/TiO 2 exhibits markedly improved stability toward CO oxidation. The SMSI extends to Au supported over other reducible oxides (Fe 3 O 4 and CeO 2 ) and other group IB metals (Cu and Ag) over titania. This discovery highlights the general nature of the classical SMSI and unlocks the development of thermochemically stable IB metal catalysts.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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