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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compositional instability and the resultant charge variations in mixed B-site cation relaxer ferroelectrics (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4121-4124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A phenomenological model has been applied in an attempt to explain the inability of the ordered regions in the lead magnesium niobate family of relaxor ferroelectrics to coarsen. This approach is based on the concept that the free energy is lowered by an embryonic decomposition along a non-neutral direction. It is proposed that the excess free energy associated with the formation of the non-neutral phase is offset by the distortability of the perovskite structure toward the pyrochlore. The lack of coarsening is then explained as a balance of the electrostatic energy and gradient energy terms, following an earlier published report. This model is then applied to the La-modified (donor-doped) lead magnesium niobate, to explain the dependence of the size of the ordered regions on the degree of doping as observed by other workers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354459
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pyro-optic studies for infrared imaging (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 2106-2112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The temperature dependence of the complex refractive indices of SbSI, MoS2, and BiVO4 have been investigated using spectroscopic ellipsometry. The wavelength of maximum temperature dependence was identified for an in depth study of the sensitivity of the reflectance coefficient to a small ac temperature modulation. It was found feasible to detect temperature changes of 10−3, 10−2, and 10−2 °C by monitoring the reflectance coefficient of SbSI, MoS2, and BiVO4, respectively, using null ellipsometry. It is thus possible to use the pyro-optic phenomena for long wavelength infrared imaging, analogous to pyroelectrics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.351132
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple, high-resolution interferometer for the measurement of frequency-dependent complex piezoelectric responses in ferroelectric ceramics (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper, we report the development of a simple but precise piezoelectric spectrometer using a Michelson–Morley interferometer. The measurement system has been developed to study the frequency and temperature dependence of the complex piezoelectric and electrostriction coefficients of ferroelectric materials. The spectral data are collected by computer and has significantly wider frequency range and lower noise than other such systems. Results are reported for a quartz sample, a La-modified lead zirconate titanate ferroelectric, and a lead zirconate titanate sol-gel derived ferroelectric thin film. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145261
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Aliovalent Substituents on the Ferroelectric Properties of Modified Barium Titanate Ceramics - Relaxor Ferroelectric Behavior (2004)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Structure–property relationships were investigated to reveal the generic influence of various substituents on ferroelectric BaTiO3. Compositional modifications of ferroelectric BaTiO3 were systematically investigated for La3+ and Nb5+ substituents. A generic influence of charged point defects in breaking down the ferroelectric domains into polar clusters was demonstrated. In both types of modified BaTiO3, relaxor ferroelectric behavior was induced for higher concentrations of substituents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00864.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compositional heterogeneity and the origins of the multicell cubic state in Sn-doped lead zirconate titanate ceramics (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 4137-4143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A systematic study of Sn-doped lead zirconate titanate ceramics has been carried out as a function of Sn and Ti contents. Dielectric constant and remanent polarization measurements have been performed and compared to our recent transmission electron microscopy study. The dielectric maximum was found to be associated with a multicell cubic state, rather than a macroscopic transformation into an antiferroelectric state. In addition, a strong deviation from Curie–Weiss behavior was observed for temperatures several hundred degrees above the permittivity maximum. Evidence is presented that the dielectric maximum is associated with a metastable locking of the incommensuration, rather than a phase transformation. Under application of an electric field, the metastability is seemingly overridden, and a tripling of the dielectric constant is observed. The strong enhancement of the dielectric softening is believed to arise due to a modulation of the phase on the incommensurate structure by the electric field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355995
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dependence of the glasslike characteristics of relaxor ferroelectrics on chemical ordering (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 1705-1709 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The complex susceptibility of lead scandium tantalate relaxor ferroelectrics has been investigated for samples with varying degrees of long-range chemical ordering. The development of correlations between polar moments occurred relatively sharply near freezing in the highly ordered state, whereas the development of correlations in the partially ordered state occurred over a broadened temperature interval. The relaxation time distributions were also calculated. A sharp peak in the distribution was found on freezing in the highly ordered state, characteristic of a distinct condensation. The distribution in the partially ordered state was diffuse near freezing. It is proposed that in the highly ordered state the polar moments "freeze'' into configurations with correlation lengths approaching the macroscopic scale typical of a normal ferroelectric, whereas in the partially ordered state the moments freeze into a polar state with glasslike characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356358
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Constriction of the polarization by incoherent oxygen octahedral tilting in rhombohedral-structured lead zirconate titanate (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 3354-3360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Double hysteresis loops have been observed in ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate ceramics with a Zr/Ti ratio of 65/35 (PZT 65/35). In addition, dielectric dispersion was found near 50 °C, corresponding to the high-temperature to low-temperature rhombohedral ferroelectric [FER(HT)-FER(LT)] transformation. Structurally this transformation is an oxygen octahedra tilting along the 〈111〉. It is proposed that an inability of the oxygen octahedra to coherently rotate within a rigid lattice generates random internal stresses which constrain the polarization. Small amounts of impurities on either the A site (La) or B site (Nb) were found to result in normal square-loop hysteresis behavior. It is believed that aliovalent impurities relax the lattice, resulting in increased coherent of the 〈111〉 oxygen rotations. Electron diffraction studies revealed a strong increase of the reflection intensity of 1/2〈111〉 superlattice spots after doping, supporting this possibility. In addition, thermal expansion measurements revealed a lattice contraction after La-modification, possibly reflecting enhanced octahedral tilting. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358622
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nonlinear, complex, induced-piezoelectric response of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 relaxors (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 3451-3456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The amplitude-dependent complex piezoelectric response of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 relaxors has been investigated using a single-beam interferometric technique as a function of ac electrical drive, superimposed dc electrical bias, and measurement frequency. Large-induced longitudinal piezoelectric coefficients (d33) were observed over a wide dc bias range below polarization saturation. On approaching polarization saturation, the value of d33 decreased, approaching values typical of poled piezoelectric ceramics. Investigations as a function of ac drive revealed the presence of strong nonlinearities, where the value of d33 increased with increasing drive. The nonlinear contribution was found to be on the order of 50% of the total response. In addition, large unexpected piezoelectric loss factors tan δ(piezo) were observed in materials which were otherwise characterized by anhysteresis in the polarization electric field behavior. The value of tan δ(piezo) was found to be in the range between 0.10 and 0.20, depending on various measurement conditions. With either increasing dc bias or ac drive, the value of tan δ(piezo) was found to decrease significantly. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363214
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antiferroelectric-ferroelectric switching and induced strains for sol-gel derived lead zirconate thin layers (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 3017-3023 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Lead zirconate (PZ) thin layers were formed by a sol-gel method and crystallized with a pseudocubic (111) or (100) preferred orientation. The field-forced antiferroelectric (AFE)-to-ferroelectric (FE) phase transformation behavior was examined by Sawyer–Tower measurements. Dielectric properties were measured as a function of temperature and frequency, and the field-induced transformational strain was measured by interferometry. Both the high-field hysteresis behavior and the temperature-dependent weak-field dielectric properties were found to be strongly dependent on preferred orientation. An increase in the remanent polarization and dielectric constant was observed under high electric field strengths at room temperature, or for lower field strengths at higher temperature. Strains as large as 0.7% were determined for the field-forced AFE-to-FE transformation. AFE-to-FE switching was demonstrated with full saturation at room temperature for high dielectric strength (100 MV/m) thin layers (300 nm).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356146
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of lower-valent A-site modifications on the structure-property relations of lead zirconate titanate (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 5866-5874 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Studies of the structure-property relationships have been performed for lead zirconate titanate as a function of concentration of a lower-valent A-site substitution. Investigations focused on the system (Pb1−yKy)(Zr0.65Ti0.35)O3−y/2 for 0〈y〈0.20. These studies revealed modest changes in the dielectric response with increasing K1+ concentration. However, no evidence of relaxor ferroelectric characteristics was found. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies were also performed. These investigations revealed strong changes in the ferroelectric domain structures with moderate increases in K1+ concentration. For K content (approximately-greater-than)4%, fine ferroelectric domains were found, which possessed a strong degree of wavy character. Increasing K1+ concentration resulted in further decreases in domain size. Sawyer–Tower polarization studies then demonstrated a strong reduction in the switchable polarization with increasing K1+ concentration, indicating that the polarization becomes pinned. Hot-stage TEM investigations were then performed. These studies revealed evidence for a pinning of the polarization into fine wavy domains at temperatures significantly below that of the ferroelectric transformation. These results are then compared to recent investigations of the influence of La3+ on the same base composition. We believe that the differences between lower- (K1+) and higher- (La3+) valent A-site modifications can be explained on the basis of the influence of quenched (which become mobile on heating in the ferroelectric phase) versus randomly quenched (above the ferroelectric transformation) defect complexes on the evolution of polar order. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363580
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