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  • 1
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    Extreme responses to climate change in Antarctic lakes (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Quayle, Wendy C -- Peck, Lloyd S -- Peat, Helen -- Ellis-Evans, J C -- Harrigan, P Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 25;295(5555):645.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11809962" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Fresh Water ; Light ; Phytoplankton/*physiology ; Seasons ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Polar research: Six priorities for Antarctic science (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennicutt, Mahlon C 2nd -- Chown, Steven L -- Cassano, John J -- Liggett, Daniela -- Massom, Rob -- Peck, Lloyd S -- Rintoul, Steve R -- Storey, John W V -- Vaughan, David G -- Wilson, Terry J -- Sutherland, William J -- England -- Nature. 2014 Aug 7;512(7512):23-5. doi: 10.1038/512023a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA, and past-president of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. ; Monash University, Victoria, Australia. ; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA. ; Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. ; Australian Antarctic Division, and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Hobart, Australia. ; British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK. ; Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. ; School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. ; School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. ; Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25100467" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Astronomy ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Biological Evolution ; Budgets ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecology ; Exobiology ; Ice Cover ; International Cooperation ; Oceans and Seas ; *Policy Making ; Research/economics/*trends
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Physiological acclimation and persistence of ectothermic species under extreme heat events (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Aim To test if physiological acclimation can buffer species against increasing extreme heat due to climate change. Location Global. Time period 1960 to 2015. Major taxa studied Amphibians, arthropods, brachiopods, cnidarians, echinoderms, fishes, molluscs, reptiles. Methods We draw together new and existing data quantifying the warm acclimation response in 319 species as the acclimation response ratio (ARR): the increase in upper thermal limit per degree increase in experimental temperature. We develop worst‐case scenario climate projections to calculate the number of years and generations gained by ARR until loss of thermal safety. We further compute a vulnerability score that integrates across variables estimating exposure to climate change and species‐specific tolerance through traits, including physiological plasticity, generation time and latitudinal range extent. Results ARR is highly variable, but with marked differences across taxa, habitats and latitude. Polar terrestrial arthropods show high ARRs [95% upper confidence limit (UCL95%) = 0.68], as do some polar aquatic invertebrates that were acclimated for extended durations (ARR 〉 0.4). While this physiological plasticity buys 100s of years until thermal safety is lost, combination with long generation times leads to decreased potential for evolutionary adaptation. Additionally, 27% of marine polar invertebrates have no capacity for acclimation and reptiles and amphibians have minimal ARR (UCL95% = 0.16). Low physiological plasticity, long generations times and restricted latitudinal ranges combine to distinguish reptiles, amphibians and polar invertebrates as being highly vulnerable amongst ectotherms. Main conclusions In some taxa the combined effects of acclimation capacity and generation time can provide 100s of years and generations before thermal safety is lost. The accuracy of assessments of vulnerability to climate change will be improved by considering multiple aspects of species’ biology that, in combination may increase persistence under extreme heat events, and increase the probability for evolutionary rescue.
    Print ISSN: 1466-822X
    Electronic ISSN: 1466-8238
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Digestion rate, gut passage time and absorption efficiency in the Antarctic spiny plunderfish (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 57 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The absolute gut evacuation rate (GER) (g day−1) of Harpagifer antarcticus increased with increasing ration mass, fish mass only influenced the absolute GER at a daily ration level of 0·3% wet fish mass (approximately a maintenance ration). The relative GER (% of meal fed day−1) was also affected differently by fish and ration mass depending on the relative ration level being fed; at rations of 0·7% wet fish mass or above the relative GER decreased with increasing fish or ration mass (in such a way that the absolute GER remained constant and unaffected by fish mass). At maintenance (0·3% wet fish mass) rations the relative GER was not affected by fish size or ration mass. Thus, there appears to be a ration threshold above which the digestion physiology alters. Mass-specific GER (% g fish−1 day−1) decreased with increasing fish mass. Within a set relative ration level (% wet fish mass) an increase in fish mass decreased the mass-specific GER. At a fixed ration mass, an increase in fish mass (i.e. a reduction in the ration expressed as % fish mass) resulted in a decrease in mass-specific GER. Gut evaluation time (GET) decreased and absorption efficiency (A) increased with increasing absolute GER. The effect of ration and fish mass on the absolute and relative GER followed the same pattern irrespective of the diet, however the A and GER (% day−1 and g day−1) were higher and the GET shorter when the fish were fed shelled krill rather than amphipods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02201.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding increases MyoD and PCNA expression in myogenic progenitor cells of Notothenia coviiceps (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 60 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of the Antarctic fish Notothenia coriiceps (18.4 cm LF) increased respectively two and fourfold above fasting levels 24 h after feeding with a single meal of shrimps (5.5 to 7.5% of body mass), and remained elevated for 120 h. In fasted fish, c-met positive cells in the fast muscle represented 5.5% of the total number of myonuclei. The number of c-met positive cells staining for the proliferating cell nuclear antigen was increased by 60% both 24 and 96 h after the meal, while the number of cells expressing the myogenic transcription factor, MyoD, was increased by 20% after 24 h, and by 44% after 96 h. The total numbers of c-met positive cells and cells expressing myogenic were not significantly altered 96 h following feeding. The results are consistent with an activation of myogenic progenitor cells proliferation by feeding but suggest a relatively long cell cycle time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb02441.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and tissue mass cycles in the infaunal bivalve Yoldia eightsi at Signy Island, Antarctica (2000)
    Springer
    Polar biology 23 (2000), S. 420-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Shell growth in Yoldia eightsi was measured over an austral summer and winter in 1992. In specimens 〈 12 mm length, growth was not significantly different between summer and winter periods, and the fastest recorded rate, 6.3 μm day−1 was for 5-mm individuals during the winter. In summer, specimens of all lengths grew significantly, but in winter bivalves 〉 27 mm length did not increase in length. Tissue dry and ash-free dry mass (AFDM) cycles were assessed at monthly intervals between December 1988 and January 1991. ANCOVA indicated significant interannual and seasonal effects on this cycle. Tissue mass increased in the summer, coinciding with the phytoplankton bloom and the period of maximum sedimentation of organic material from the water column. A standard 20-mm-length animal reached a maximum AFDM of 114 mg in February 1990. The minimum value (68 mg AFDM) throughout the 2 years of measurements was in early December 1988, at the end of the austral winter. Periods of tissue mass increase were, therefore, decoupled from shell growth, at least in juveniles. Tissue mass was significantly higher in 1990 than 1989, which was mainly due to high organic contents in the summer (January to May). This was not consistent with the pattern of organic content in the sediments at the study site, but was in phase with the cycle in sediment chlorophyll a content. Tissue mass increase depended on major resource input during the summer, but Y. eightsi was capable of maintaining winter condition from stocks of benthic microalgae in years of poor ice cover. Tissue mass declined between April and July each year. This was accompanied by large falls in tissue ash content, and coincided with the spawning period in early June. These are the first monthly tissue mass data collected over a 2-year period for an Antarctic mollusc. They are the first such data indicating seasonal variation in tissue mass and showing a decoupling of shell and tissue growth in a polar bivalve. The P/B ratio calculated from these data was 0.106, which is slightly lower than previous values found for this species, but is in line with general values for Antarctic marine benthos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050463
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and population structure in the infaunal bivalve Yoldia eightsi in relation to iceberg activity at Signy Island, Antarctica (1993)
    Springer
    Marine biology 117 (1993), S. 235-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth rates in the infaunal nuculanid bivalve mollusc Yoldia eightsi (Couthouy) were assessed for field populations in Factory Cove, Signy Island, Antarctica, between. February and April 1992. Daily increments in length (maximum shell dimension) ranged from 2.3 μm d-1 for a 30 mm individual to 5.1 μm d-1 for a 10 mm specimen. These growth rates were converted to annual increments, based on a growing season for the Signy population of around 5 mo, and ages for the largest individuals in the population (35 mm in length), were calculated to be ≃65 yr. Specimens of 43 mm in length have been found near this site and, if their growth rates are similar to this population, their ages would be in the order of 120 yr. Size distributions from two sites in the same Y. eightsi bed 300 m apart showed significant differences. At the more exposed site the distribution was dominated by small juveniles, with 86% of the population 10 mm in length, while 13% were 〉20 mm in length. At the less exposed site the values were 27% 〈10 mm and 56% 〉20 mm. Icebergs have often been seen grounded on the Y. eightsi bed in this study, especially on the exposed outer portion. This factor, in association with inhibition of larval settlement by high densities of large individuals, is proposed as an explanation of the observed population distributions and the absence of very large specimens in the Factory Cove population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345668
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variations between winter and summer in the toxicity of copper to a population of the mysid Praunus flexuosus (2000)
    Springer
    Marine biology 137 (2000), S. 631-636 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Copper toxicity was tested on a coastal population of the mysid Praunus flexuosus (Müller) from Southampton Water (Southern England) under winter and summer conditions. Ten-day toxicity tests were performed on the different life-cycle stages (female, male and juvenile) present in winter (December/February) and summer (August). The individuals were in winter or summer physiological condition and were exposed to seawater to which 0, 5, 25, 75 and 200 μg l−1 copper was added. There were significantly different copper toxicity effects in winter and summer. In winter mortality was ≤ 1% at all levels of copper exposure, while in summer identical exposure levels caused mortality of up to 93%. The 96 h LC50 was 30.8 μg l−1 copper added in the summer. In winter, the low mortality prevented calculation of LC50. There were differences in responses to copper between the life-cycle stages. Juveniles were more sensitive than adults, and were severely affected within 24 h. Females were more affected than males at lower doses and shorter exposure times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270000383
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pelagic larval development in the brooding Antarctic brachiopod Liothyrella uva (1994)
    Springer
    Marine biology 120 (1994), S. 279-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the Antarctic brachiopod Liothyrella uva (Broderip, 1833) were released by brooding females between 10 and 15 January 1992. They were collected and cultured for the ensuing 45 d. At release they were at the gastrula stage, and were recognisable as the usual brachiopod three-lobed larva from around 18 d after release. At ≃22 d post-release, larvae began to congregate under shell fragments placed in culture vessels as potential settlement substrata. However, the larvae showed no signs of settlement which, combined with the absence of many of the attributes of mature larvae seen in previous studies, was taken as evidence that these larvae had not reached fully competent stages. Previous work had shown that L. uva spawns in October, indicating that the developmental period lasts for a minimum of between 115 and 160 d. The release and subsequent development of larvae also shows that what was previously thought to be a brooding species combines a long brooding period with a free-swimming phase. If this is true of other brachiopod species, then there may need to be a recategorization of some species from brooding to combined brooding and free-swimming developmental types. Even though the development period in L. uva was likely to have been underestimated because a fully competent stage was not reached, a comparison with development rates for temperate species indicated a slowing of between 8 and 70 times. This dramatic slowing of development rate in brachiopods now joins similar data previously reported for echinoderms and nemerteans, suggesting that this is a very widespred, perhaps universal, attribute of Antarctic marine invertebrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349689
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Larval development in the Antarctic nemertean Parborlasia corrugatus (Heteronemertea: Lineidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Marine biology 116 (1993), S. 301-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Embryonic and larval development were followed from fertilisation to settlement in the Antarctic heteronemertean Parborlasia corrugatus (McIntosh, 1876). The first cleavage occurred 10 to 15 h after fertilisation, and the second at ≃17 h. Larvae hatched at the gastrula stage, between 170 and 200 h post-fertilisation, and were ≃150 μm in diameter. Early larval stages aggregated in dense groups near the surface of incubation vessels and were positively phototactic. Early pilidium larvae were recognisable 435 h post-fertilisation. They were 155×152 μm in size, and possessed a complete apical tuft of cilia and a full marginal band of locomotory cilia. At this stage, the gust was visible through the body wall, and the mouth was open and was ≃40 μm in diameter. Late pilidia, 222×193 μm in size, were helmet-shaped. They had an apical tuft over 100 μm long, and possessed a lobed marginal band of locomotory cilia. Pilidia were observed aggregating close to the bottom of incubation vessels 1200 to 1350 h (50 to 56 d) after fertilisation, and this was interpreted as settlement behaviour. At this stage, the apical tuft had been lost and they were highly contractile, being capable of compressing their bodies. However, neither developing juveniles within the larval envelope nor hatched juveniles were observed. Pilidia consumed the microalgae Tetraselmis suecica, Thalassiosira pseudonana and Isochrysis galbana. They also fed on particulate organic material 〈 1 μm in size, as shown by the presence of material in the guts of larvae offered filtered extracts of algal cultures. There was some indication that larvae could use dissolved organic material, since pilidia held in seawater with organic material removed did not survive as long as those in filtered seawater or in filtered water with added amino acids. However, the only larvae to exhibit settlement behaviour in the feeding experiments were those offered Tetraselmis succica and Thalassiosira pseudonana, and these required a longer development time to reach this stage than pilidia in the standard cultures, where a mixed algal diet was offered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350020
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