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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf Survivals of Tree Species in Deciduous Broad-Leaved Forests (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant species biology 3 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-1984
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf survival patterns of tall trees, small trees and shrubs were surveyed in temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests in northern Japan. Leaves of tall trees which constitute the crown layer of the forest emerge simultaneously in spring as a flush and also fall simultaneously in autumn. This was considered to be a “competitive type” of leaf survival strategy. Species which invade open sites near rivers show a “succeeding type” of leaf-emergence and leaf-fall. Their leaf longevities are short. They are pioneer strategists and are assumed to use abundant resources luxuriously by shedding older low-efficient leaves and producing new, high-efficient leaves. Intermediate between the two is a type considered to be adapted to light gaps in forests. Leaf longevities of species in forest understorys where shade stress prevails were long. To prolong leaf longevity is the method to utilize limited resource efficiently. Three strategies based on the two axes of stress and disturbance were applied to the leaf survival patterns of trees. Environmental conditions around a tree change with height growth of the tree. Leaf survival patterns also change with the development of trees. A three-dimensional graph model which expresses such changes as a function of tree-height is presented. Mean longevities of leaves compared between 1-year-old seedlings and adults revealed that differences between the two were larger in “intermediate type” species than for succeeding or flush type species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1988.tb00172.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation of the timing of flower abortion in Tilia japonica (2000)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Publishing Asia
    Plant species biology 15 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-1984
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The sex expression of Tilia japonica is functional andromonoecy (an andromonoecious system with abortion of perfect flowers). Some of protandrous flowers are aborted after shedding pollen grains and thus are functionally male flowers (FMF). When both male and female organs are retained in a flower, the plants can more flexibly regulate sex allocation, or resource allocation to male and female functions than true andromonoecious plants, which is considered as an adaptive significance of functional andromonoecy. However, the plants have to pay some costs of female organ in FMF. For functional andromonoecious plants, there is a conflict between flexibility and cost in determining the timing of flower abortion, or arrest investing in female functions in a flower. We clarified that (i) differentiation of the timing of flower abortion caused two types of FMF: short-style (SS) and normal-style (NS) flowers; (ii) SS can be produced at a lower cost than NS, and (iii) plants having NS can flexibly regulate sex allocation following a sudden change in conditions. Hence, we concluded that differentiation of the timing of flower abortion makes a compromise of the conflict. We also found that NS is more frequent than SS, and we discuss the adaptive significance of keeping potential fertility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-1984.2000.00039.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cryptic andromonoecy in Tilia japonica implicated by flower abortion (1999)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    Plant species biology 14 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-1984
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tilia japonica Simonkai has morphologically perfect flowers with stamens and a pistil. However, some flowers fall without developing into immature fruits. We clarified that: (i) the flower abscission is a facultative abortion, (an abscission layer was observed at the base of the stalk of aborted flowers); (ii) fallen flowers have functional stamens (the flowers are protandrous and they had shed germinable pollen grains before the flower abscission); and (iii) fallen flowers have a non-functional pistil (they were abscised before stigma opening). The aborted flowers were functional male flowers, although they were morphologically perfect. Hence, the functional sex expression of T. japonica is andromonoecous having both perfect and male flowers within an individual tree.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-1984.1999.00013.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proximate Limitations to Fruit and Seed Set in Phellodendron amurense var. sachalinense (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant species biology 6 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-1984
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fruit and seed set in a dioecious tree, Phellodendron amurense var. sachalinense grown in isolation, were studied for three years in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Hand pollination did not affect fruit set during the three years, but did affect seed-set by increasing the proportion of fruits with higher seed numbers. Artificial defoliation resulted in decreased mean seed mass, but caused no significant differences in mean seed number per fruit. Total seed mass per infructescence increased with inflorescence size except with artificial defoliation where it reached an upper limit. Although the results of the artificial defoliation treatment indicate that resources are most important for fruit and seed set, it is concluded that fruit and seed set of the tree are not limited by resources, since the number of fruits increased with inflorescence size and an artificial defoliation treatment did not decrease seed-number.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1991.tb00208.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flowering and Fruiting Phenology of Magnolia hypoleuca (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant species biology 5 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-1984
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The floral biology of Magnolia hypoleuca, a tall tree species widely distributed in Japan, was studied in a deciduous broad-leaved forest in Hokkaido near the northern limit of distribution of the species. The flower is large, protogynous and nectarless. Its petals close after the female stage and again after the male stage. The mean duration of flowering of an individual flower is 3–4 days, while the flowering period of an individual tree lasts up to 40 days. The main pollinators of the flowers were beetles. Success of pollination is assumed to be affected by weather conditions at anthesis. Average fruit sets (ratios of fruits to flowers) were 13–25%. Hand-pollination of 44 flowers produced a significantly higher fruit set (28 fruits) than control flowers (33/133). These results suggest that the fruit set is limited by pollination. The frequency of infertile ovules was higher in controls than in hand-pollinated fruits, indicating that the seed set was also limited by pollination. We propose a mimicry hypothesis in which the non-rewarding female-stage flower mimics the rewarding male-stage flower to explain the short life-span of an individual flower, the long flowering period of an individual tree, and the coexistence of flowers of various stages on a single tree.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1990.tb00185.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Significance of leaf longevity in plants (1999)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    Plant species biology 14 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-1984
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The cost–benefit model of leaf life span is extended by incorporating the cost of construction and maintenance of supporting structures, such as shoots and roots. Published data on leaf longevities were reviewed, and they support qualitative predictions of optimal leaf life span based on the present model. In relation to life form, leaf life span increases in the following sequence, due to increasing costs of support structures: floating leaves of aquatic plants 〈 annual herbs 〈 perennial herbs 〈 deciduous trees. Within species, leaf life span increases with plant size as support costs per unit of leaf increase. This prediction is supported by comparisons of seedlings and adults of temperate trees. These results suggest that the construction and maintenance costs of supporting structures significantly influence life span of individual leaves. Leaf longevity, in turn, connects the ecophysiology of the individual leaf to growth of the individual plant and energy and matter cycling at the ecosystem level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-1984.1999.00005.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionarily stable resource allocation for production of wind-dispersed seeds (1998)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 12 (1998), S. 477-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: colonization hypothesis ; evolutionarily stable strategy ; non-sib-competition ; safe sites ; sib-competition ; wind-dispersal structures ; wind-dispersed seeds ; wing ; wing-loading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We developed a game-theoretic model for wind-dispersed seed production to examine the seed mass–dispersal ability relationship and the evolutionarily stable distance of seed dispersal in terms of exploitation of safe sites. We assumed trade-offs between masses of the embryo (including albumen) and the wind-dispersal structures per seed, and also between seed mass and number of seeds per parent. We showed that ESS wing-loading is independent of embryo mass; that is, heavy seeds are not poor dispersers if the cost of producing wind-dispersal structures per unit area is constant. The ESS embryo mass per seed depends only on the factors which determine the probability of a seedling being established from a seed. However, wing-loading was found to increase with embryo mass when the change in length was isometric and there was a negative correlation between seed mass and dispersal ability. Thus, the area–mass relationship in wind-dispersal structures may have large effects on the ESS production of wind-dispersed seeds. On the other hand, given that only a limited number of adults can be established at a safe site, the ESS seed dispersal distance depends on the relative degree of sib to non-sib competition. A parent disperses its seeds over a wide area to exploit many safe sites if sib competition is strong. However, it disperses its seeds within a narrow area if the mean number of parents per unit area is large, or if non-sib competition is strong. Thus, in addition to an upper limit on the number of adults per safe site, the degree of sib and non-sib competition may be important for the ESS dispersal distance in wind-dispersed seeds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006576906198
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns in Size-Related Variations in Current-Year Shoot Structure in Eight Deciduous Tree Species (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of plant research 112 (1999), S. 343-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Keywords: Keywords: Leaf area, Leaf display index, Long shoot, Shoot function, Short shoot, Stem length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SL ) and leaf display index (LDI: the ratio of leaf area to stem length) of current-year shoots are compared for eight deciduous tree species. Two patterns were found in the relationships. In seven species (Acer mono, Aesculus turbinata, Betula grossa, Carpinus tschonoskii, Fagus crenata, Pterocarya rhoifolia, and Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata), LDI decreased exponentially with SL, which suggests that short current-year shoots favor leaf-display over space-acquisition, and the reverse for long current-year shoots. The decrease in LDI was much greater and sharper in B. grossa, which shows apparent differentiation of short and long shoots, than in the other six species, which do not show such differentiation. In another species that shows no differentiation of short and long shoots, Clerodendron trichotomum, LDI increased linearly and gradually with SL. This suggests that its long current-year shoots are superior to its short current-year shoots for both space-acquisition and leaf-display, and that the structural variation in its current-year shoots is small. The diverse patterns in the relationships between SL and LDI of current-year shoots are related to the variations among current-year shoots in the mean leaf number per unit stem length and the mean individual leaf area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00013862
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Importance of seed size for the establishment of seedlings of five deciduous broad-leaved tree species (1996)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 123 (1996), S. 51-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Gap size ; Leaf dynamics ; Litter accumulation ; Seasonal changes in light conditions ; Seedling emergence ; Seedling survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of seed size and phenology on the establishment of five deciduous broad-leaved tree species were examined in deciduous woodland. Treatments included absence and presence of litter in the forest understory, a small gap, and a large gap. Seedling emergence of large-seeded speciesQuercus mongolica var.grosseserrata andAcer mono was not reduced by accumulation of litter in the forest understory, but was promoted in the large gap where litter was less. Seedling emergence of small-seeded species,Alnus hirsuta, Cercidiphyllum japonicum andBetula platyphylla var.japonica, was reduced by the litter in almost all of the sites. Seedlings of large-seeded species avoid shade stress phenologically by unfolding all of their large leaves in a short period before canopy closure in the forest understory. These species had little mortality after seedling emergence. In contrast, small-seeded species have a longer duration of leaf emergence, shorter leaf longevity, and rapid leaf turnover in all the sites. These seedlings attained similar height to those of the large-seeded species at the end of the second year in the large gap, but survival and height growth rate decreased after canopy closure in the forest understory. We suggest that the importance of seed size in determining seedling establishment largely depends on the relationships between seasonal changes of environmental conditions and phenological traits of seedlings, which are related to seed size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00044887
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The basis for variation in leaf longevity of plants (1995)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 121 (1995), S. 89-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Deciduous ; Evergreen ; Leaf habit ; Phenology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Any theory of leaf phenology must predict leaf longevity, leaf habit, leaf expansion and its timing among other variables. These phenological traits may be important keys to understand the response of trees to climatic change. Here I concentrate on and review two of these critical phenological traits, leaf longevity and leaf habit. Theories of leaf longevity were re-evaluated and leaf longevity is concluded to be optimized to maximize plant carbon gain. From this perspective, three points are predicted. Leaf longevity is short when the photosynthetic rate of the leaf is high, when the photosynthetic rate decreases rapidly through time, or when the construction cost of the leaf is small. These predictions are well supported by empirical as well as experimental results on various plant species. The theory, which is extended to seasonal environments, is general and applicable to seasonal as well as aseasonal environments. The theory simulated the bimodal geographic distribution of evergreenness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00044675
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