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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 47 (2002), S. 701-731 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cereals (maize, sorghum, millet, rice) are extremely important crops grown in Africa for human consumption. Of the various insect pests attacking cereal crops in Africa, lepidopteran stem borers are by far the most injurious. All 21 economically important stem borers of cultivated grasses in Africa are indigenous except Chilo partellus, which invaded the continent from India, and C. sacchariphagus, which has recently been found in sugarcane in Mozambique. C. partellus is competitively displacing indigenous stem borers in East and southern Africa. A parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes, was introduced from Pakistan for biological control of C. partellus and caused a 32-55% decrease in stem borer densities. This article is an attempt to summarize the status of knowledge about economically important cereal stem borers in Africa with emphasis on their distribution, pest status and yield losses, diapause, natural enemies, cultural control, host plant resistance, and biological control. Special attention is given to Busseola fusca and C. partellus, the most important pests of maize and grain sorghum.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 261-265 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Arachis hypogaea ; bioassay ; Chilo partellus ; lectin ; pea ; peanut ; Pisum sativum ; stem borer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A mannose-binding lectin found in vegetative tissues of peanut, Arachis hypogaea, was compared with mannose-binding lectin from pea, Pisum sativum, for toxic effects on larvae of the stem borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). After 10 days, the mortality of larvae fed on artificial diet containing 0.5% (m/m) peanut lectin was 46.2%. The mortality of larvae fed on 1.0% peanut lectin was similar (48.1%) but insects were significantly smaller than those of the 0.5% treatment. Larvae of both lectin treatments stopped feeding within three days. Larval size and mortality was not significantly reduced by 0.1% peanut lectin and 1% heat-treated lectin did not show toxic effects. The mannose-binding lectin from pea was not toxic to C. partellus at concentrations up to 1%. Peanut lectin bound to the apical membranes of columnar epithelial cells in the mid-gut of C. partellus. This suggests that peanut lectin has an antinutritive action and that it may protect vegetative tissues of peanut against insect pests.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 265-270 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Busseola fusca ; Chilo partellus ; diapause ; stem borer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The duration of diapause in the stem borers Busseola fusca (Fuller) and Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) was studied in South Africa by collecting diapausing larvae from the field throughout winter (April–August). B. fusca larvae emerged as moth around the middle of October regardless of the date of collection and the length of time they were kept in the laboratory under constant 21 °C. C. partellus larvae collected in April–June emerged in November, those collected in July emerged in October, and those collected in August emerged in September. Regardless of the collection date C. partellus started to emerge from diapause earlier and moth emergence lasted up to twice as long as in B. fusca. Under laboratory conditions at 60% RH both borer larvae lost about 50% of their body mass during diapause. When provided with water B. fusca larvae lost about 30% of their body mass and adults emerged 20 days earlier than when kept dry. C. partellus, on the other hand, lost only 13% of their body weight and emerged 34 days earlier. The differences between the two species are discussed in light of different types of diapause; i.e., obligatory diapause in B. fusca and facultative diapause in C. partellus.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 31-36 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: stalk borer ; Busseola fusca ; Chilo partellus ; hibernation ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Deux chenilles mineuses de tiges, B. fusca, Noctuidae indigène, et C. partellus, Pyralidae exotique, ont été étudiées dans des champs de S. bicolor (cultivar SSK-52), pendant la saison sèche de 1986 (Avril–Octobre) à Delmas et Brits, au Transvaal en Afrique du Sud. Plus de 90% des pieds des deux stations étaient infestés, mais plus l'hiver avançait, plus la proportion de plantes in festées et le taux d'infestation diminuaient. Les chenilles ont hiverné dans les tiges sèches, mais leurs positions étaient différentes: 65% des B. fusca étaient dans le tiers inférieur et 30% dans le tiers médian, tandis que pour C. partellus, il s'agissait respectivement de 45 et 50%. Les duex chenilles hivernaient à l'un des 3 derniers stades larvaires, mais les proportions étaient différentes. Pour B. fusca environ 82% hivernaient au 6ème stade et 16% au 5ème stade, tandis que pour C. partellus c'étaient 40 et 45% respectivement. C. partellus a commencé à sortir de diapause pendant la seconde moitié d'Août et a continué jusqu'à la première semaine de Novembre, soit durant une période de 12 semaines, mais avec B. fusca la nymphose a duré seulement 3 semaines en Octobre–Novembre. Le parasitisme des deux espèces a été faible, mais plus important chez B. fusca. Trois parasites, Chelonus curvimaculatus Cameron, Chelonus sp. et Pristomerus sp. ont hiverné dans leurs cocons à l'intérieur des tiges, et deux parasites, Apanteles sesamiae Cameron et Bracon sp. étaient actifs en hiver. Deux fourmis, Pheidole megacephala Fabricius et Dorylus helvolus L. capturaient des chenilles de ces mineuses pendant l'hiver.
    Notes: Abstract The lepidopteran stalk borers, the indigenous Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Noctuidae), and the exotic Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Pyralidae), were studied in grain sorghum fields, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (cultivar SSK-52), in the dry season of 1986 (April–October) at Delmas and Brits, Transvaal, South Africa. More than 90% of plants at both sites were infested, but as winter progressed, the proportion of plants infested and the level of infestation dropped gradually. The borer larvae hibernated inside the dry stalks, but the location differed: 65% of B. fusca were in the lower third and 30% in the middle third, whereas for C. partellus it was 45 and 50% respectively. Both borers overwintered as larvae in either of the last three instars, but the proportions of larval instars were different. About 82% of B. fusca hibernated as 6th and 16% as 5th larval instars whereas with C. partellus it was 40 and 45% respectively. C. partellus started to emerge from diapause in the second part of August and it lasted until the first week of November, a period of 12 weeks, but with B. fusca on the other hand pupation lasted only 3 weeks during October–November. Parasitism was low on both species, but higher on B. fusca. Three parasites, Chelonus curvinaculatus Cameron, Chelonus sp. and Pristomerus sp. hibernated in the borers, one parasite Iphiaulax sp., hibernated in its cocoon inside the stalks, and two parasites Apanteles sesamiae Cameron and Bracon sp. were active in winter. Two ants, Pheidole megacephala Febricius, and Dorylus helvolus (L.), preyed on the borer larvae in winter.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 37-40 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: biological control ; mass rearing ; Paratheresia claripalpis ; stalk borer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une technique d'élevage de massa de la tachinaire, P. claripalpis Van der Wulp, est décrite et comparée à la technique classique. Cette technique correspond à une amélioration puisqu'elle demande moins de travail et produit 2.25 fois plus de parasites pour le même nombre d'hôtes.
    Notes: Abstract An improved method for mass rearing Paratheresia claripalpis Van der Wulp (Diptera: Tachinidae), for biological control of lepidopteran stalk borers is described and compared to the commonly used method. The improved method was found to be superior by being less labour intensive and by producing 2.25 times more parasites from the same number of hosts.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 26 (1981), S. 445-451 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des femelles deTrichogramma pretiosum Riley mises en présence avec les œufs hôtes à une densité de 2/150 œufs, produisirent 12 fois plus de progéniture femelle sur les œufs dePhthorimea operculella Zeller que sur les œufs d'Heliothis armigera (Hübner) et 13,6 fois plus sur les œufs deSitotroga cerealella (Olivier), que sur les œufs d'Heliothis. A une densité de 4/150 œufs, les chiffres, correspondants furent de 13 et 8 fois. Le pourcentage d'émergence des œufs d'Heliothis fut de 0,29 à 0,14 fois aussi élevé que ceux de la teigne de la pomme de terre ou deSitotroga. De 15 à 140 fois plus d'individus nains furent observés chez lesTrichogramma issus des œufs d'Heliothis que chez ceux provenant de la teigne de la pomme de terre et 8 fois plus que parmi ceux élevés sur œufs deSitotroga. Ceci peut expliquer les faibles reprises en Afrique du Sud deT. pretiosum dans les œufs d'H. armigera ramassés dans les champs de coton après une libération massive du parasite. Une augmentation dans la densité des parasites de 1/300 œufs à 16/300 œufs a entrîné une diminution de 29 à 14 chez les hôtes parasités par femelle, une diminution dans la proportion de la progéniture femelle de 72 à 39%, une diminution dans la proportion de la progéniture femelle par femelle de 18 à 4,8, et une augmentation dans la proportion des nains de 2,4 à 12,4%. Il est suggéré que pour l'élevage de masse deTrichogramma des densités exagérément élevées de parasites devraient être évitées, afin de réduire l'effet d'interférence mutuelle et d'accroître la production de progéniture femelle.
    Notes: Abstract When females ofTrichogramma pretiosum Riley were confined with host eggs at a density of 2/150 eggs, they produced 12 times more female progeny on eggs of potato tuber moth than on eggs ofHeliothis armigera (Hübner) and 13,6 times more on eggs ofSitotroga cerealella (Olivier) than on eggs ofHeliothis. At a density of 4/150 eggs, the correspondent figures were 13 and 8 times. The percentage emergence fromHeliothis eggs was from 0,29 to 0,14 times as great as from tuber moth orSitotroga. From 15 to 140 times more runts were observed amongTrichogramma fromHeliothis eggs than among those from tuber moth eggs and 8 times more thant among those fromSitotroga eggs. This may explain the low recoveries in South Africa ofT. pretiosum in eggs ofH. armigera collected in cotton fields after mass liberation of the parasite. An increase in parasite density from 1/300 eggs to 16/300 eggs resulted in a decrease from 29 to 14 in the hosts parasitised per female, a decrease in the proportion of female progeny from 72 to 39%, a decrease in the female progeny per female from 18 to 4,8, and an increase in the proportion of runts from 2,4 to 12,4%. It is suggested that in mass culture ofTrichogramma unduly high parasite densities should be avoided in order to reduce the effect of mutual interference and raise the output of female progeny.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 28 (1983), S. 83-87 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des espèces dePachyneuron (Hym.: Pteromalidae) ont été signalées être des parasites primaires ou des hyperparasites.P. concolor (Foerster) est un parasite secondaire polyphage attaquant les encyrtides parasites primaires des cochenilles et des larves de coccinelles. Il peut également se développer en parasite tertiaire. On indique ici queP. concolor peut aussi vivre en parasite primaire de pupes de diptères aphidiphages. Le choix de l'hôte par cette espèce apparaît déterminé par la localisation d'un hôte au corps mou dans une enveloppe dure et sèche, indépendamment du fait que cet hôte soit une nymphe de diptère dans son puparium ou d'un parasite primaire dans son hôte momifié. L'action globale deP. concolor est nuisible. L'introduction de ce parasite dans de nouvelles régions est en définitive à éviter.
    Notes: Abstract Species ofPachyneuron (Hym.: Pteromalidae) have been recorded as either primary parasites or hyperparasites.P. concolor (Foerster) is a polyphagous secondary parasite, attacking encyrtid primary parasites in soft scales, mealy bugs and coccinellid larvae. It also develops as a tertiary parasite. We now report thatP. concolor may also develop as a primary parasite of aphidophagous fly puparia. Host selection in this species appears to be based on locating a soft-bodied host within a hard, dry shell, independent of whether the host is a dipterous pupa in its puparium or a primary parasite in its mummified host. The overall effect ofP. concolor is detrimental. Its introduction into new areas should definitely be avoided.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 28 (1983), S. 345-353 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'influence de la densité en hôtes sur le parasitisme deTrichogramma pretiosum Riley a été étudiée en soumettant des groupes de 150, 300, 600 et 1200 œufs de la teigne de la pomme de terre à 2,4 ou 8 femelles du parasite pour chaque groupe. Ce parasite manifeste une réponse fonctionnelle de type 2. Lorsque la densité en hôtes augmente,T. pretiosum parasite davantage d'insectes mais avec un taux moindre. Le coefficient d'attaque (a′) diminue quand la densité en parasites s'accroît, tandis, que la durée du parasitisme (T h ) reste à peu près constante: le taux de recherche de l'hôte (a) décroît avec l'accroissement de la densité en hôtes.T. pretiosum répond à une augmentation de celle-ci par un plus grand nombre de rencontres avec l'hôte et d'hôtes parasités, seulement jusqu'à une densité de 300 hôtes quand la densité en parasites est de 2, et jusqu'à 600 hôtes, en restant constants, quand les densités en parasites sont plus élevées. L'incidence du parasitisme observée est plus importante que celle prévue en supposant que les parasites ont le même comportement pour des densités fortes en hôtes et pour les plus faibles. Quand la densité en parasites passe de 2 à 8 femelles par groupe le pourcentage de femelles dans la descendance tombe de 73% à 48%, Une augmentation de 2 fois du nombre de descendants femelles est notée quand la densité en parasites est réduite de 8 à 2 et aussi lorsque la densité en hôtes passe de 150 à 1 200 œufs.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of host density on parasitism byTrichogramma pretiosum Riley was studied by exposing groups of 150, 300, 600 or 1200 eggs of potato tuber moth to 2, 4 or 8 female parasites per group. The parasite exhibited a type 2 functional response. As host density increasedT. pretiosum parasitised more hosts, but at a decreasing rate. The attack coefficient (a′) decreased as parasite density increased, whereas the handling time (T h ) remained almost constant. The search rate (a) decreased with increasing host density.T. pretiosum responded to increasing host density by increasing the number of its encounters with hosts and the number of hosts it parasitised only up to host density of 300 when the parasite density was 2 and up to host density of 600 when the parasite densities were greater and then remained almost constant. The observed incidence of parasitism was higher than that expected on the assumption that the parasites behaved the same at higher host densities as at the lowest. When parasite density was raised from 2 to 8 females per group the percentage of female progeny fell from about 73 to about 48%. A 2-fold increase in the number of female progeny was observed when parasite density was reduced from 8 to 2 and also when the host density was raised from 150 to 1200 eggs.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 403-410 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Chilo partellus ; stalk borer ; Apanteles sesamiae ; Dentichasmias busseolae ; Pediobius furvus ; parasitoid ; Chilo partellus ; pyrale des tiges ; Apanteles sesamiae ; Dentichasmias busseolae, Pediobius furvus ; parasitoide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un parasite oophage, 7 parasites larvaires, 3 parasites de chrysalides et 2 hyperparasites larvaires ont été récoltés de la pyraleChilo partellus attaquant le maïs et le sorgho en Afrique du Sud.Trichogrammatoïdea lutea Girault [Trichogrammatidae] parasitait les œufs deC. partellus principalement au milieu de l'été. Les parasites larvaires étaient actifs tout au long de la saison avec des maxima occasionnels de parasitisme de plus de 75%.Apanteles sesamiae Cameron [Braconidae] se révélait comme étant le parasite larvaire le plus abondant. Il était récolté de 93% des larves parasitées, mais son efficacité était réduite par l'hyperparasiteAphanogmus fijiensis (Ferriére) [Ceraphronidae] qui attaquait parfois la totalité des cocons deA. sesamiae. L'efficacité d'Iphiaulax sp. [Braconidae], deuxiéme plus abondant parasite larvaire, fut aussi entravée par l'hyperparasite,Eurytoma sp. [Eurytomidae]. Les parasites de chrysalides furent quelquefois trés abondants pour atteindre jusqu'á 100% de parasitisme en l'absence d'hyperparasites. Les parasites de chrysalides les plus abondants furentDentichasmias busseolae Heinrich [Ichneumonidae] etPediobius furvus (Gahan) [Eulophidae].
    Notes: Abstract One egg parasite, 7 larval parasites, 2 pupal parasites and 3 larval hyperparasites were recorded parasitizing the spotted stalk borer,Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) on maize and grain sorghum in South Africa.Trichogrammatoidea lutea Girault [Trichogrammatidae] parasitized eggs ofC. partellus mainly in mid-summer. The larval parasites were active throughout the season with occasional peaks of up to 75% parasitism.Apanteles sesamiae Cameron [Braconidae], proved to be the most abundant larval parasite. It was recorded fromca. 93% of parasitized larvae but its efficiency was reduced by the hyperparasite,Aphanogmus fijiensis (Ferriére) [Ceraphronidae], which reached sometimes up to 100% parasitism on cocoons ofA. sesamiae. The efficiency ofIphiaulax sp. [Braconidae], the 2nd most abundant larval parasite, was also hindered by the hyperparasite,Eurytoma sp. [Eurytomidae] Pupal parasites were sometimes very abundant reaching up to 100% parasitism without any interference by hyperparasites. The most abundant pupal parasites wereDentichasmias busseolae Heinrich [Ichneumonidae] andPediobius furvus (Gahan) [Eulophidae].
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 40 (1995), S. 69-76 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Host preference ; Tetrastichus howardi ; facultative hyperparasitoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences en laboratoire ont montré queTetrastichus howardi (Olliff) préfère, comme hôtes, les lépidoptères,Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Pyralidae) etHelicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Noctuidae) à leurs parasitoïdes respectifs,Xanthopimpla stemmator (Thunberg) (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) etPalexorista laxa (Curran) (Dipt.: Tachinidae). SiT. howardi a déjà parasité auparavant un certain hôte, sa préférence pour cet hôte s'accroît mais pas significativement. Par ailleurs, quand il est élevé sur un hôte donné, sa préférence pour cet hôte augmente.T. howardi ne' montre par contre aucune préférence pour un stade particulier de son hôte. Il est capable de distinguer un hôte parasité d'un hôte non parasité et s'il préfère au début les hôtes parasités, il montre, au bout de deux jours, une préférence pour ceux qui ne le sont pas.
    Notes: Abstract Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff) preferred the lepidopteran hosts,Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Pyralidae) andHelicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Noctuidae) to their parasitoids,Xanthopimpla stemmator (Thunberg) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) andPalexorista laxa (Curran) (Diptera: Tachinidae). IfT. howardi had previously experienced parasitising a certain host, its preference for that host increased, but not significantly. When reared on a certain host, the preference for that host increased.T. howardi showed no preference to any particular age of its hosts.T. howardi was able to discriminate between parasitised and unparasitised hosts, initially preferring parasitised hosts, but two days later preferring unparasitised hosts.
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