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  • 1
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    Activation of B-1a cells by amyloidogenic peptides [Immunology and Inflammation] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-09
    Description: Amyloid fibrils composed of peptides as short as six amino acids are therapeutic in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), reducing paralysis and inflammation, while inducing several pathways of immune suppression. Intraperitoneal injection of fibrils selectively activates B-1a lymphocytes and two populations of resident macrophages (MΦs), increasing IL-10 production, and triggering their...
    Keywords: Inaugural Articles
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Human cardiac reprogramming [Medical Sciences] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: Reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts toward a myocardial cell fate by forced expression of cardiac transcription factors or microRNAs has recently been demonstrated. The potential clinical applicability of these findings is based on the minimal regenerative potential of the adult human heart and the limited availability of human heart tissue. An...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    Oxygen isotope composition of evapotranspiration and its relation to C4 photosynthetic discrimination (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-23
    Description: The oxygen isotope of water (18O-H2O) and carbon dioxide (18O-CO2) is an important signal of global change and can provide constraints on the coupled carbon-water cycle. Here, simultaneous observations of 18O-H2O (liquid and vapor phases) and 18O-CO2 were used to investigate the relation between canopy leaf water 18O enrichment, 18O-CO2 photosynthetic discrimination (18Δ), isotope disequilibrium (Deq), and the biophysical factors that control their temporal variability in a C4 (Zea mays L.) ecosystem. Data and analyses are presented from a 74 day experiment conducted in Minnesota during summer 2009. Eddy covariance observations indicate that the oxygen isotope composition of C4 evapotranspiration (δE) ranged from about −20‰ (VSMOW scale) in the early morning to −5‰ after midday. These values were used to estimate the isotope composition at the sites of leaf water evaporation (δL,e) assuming non-steady-state conditions and revealed a strong diurnal pattern ranging from about −5‰ in the early morning to +10‰ after midday. With the addition of net ecosystem CO2 exchange measurements and carbonic anhydrase (CA) assays, we derived canopy-scale 18Δ. These estimates typically varied from 11.3 to 27.5‰ (VPDB scale) and were shown to vary significantly depending on the steady state or non-steady-state assumptions related to leaf water enrichment. We demonstrate that the impact of turbulence on kinetic fractionation and steady state assumptions result in larger estimates of 18Δ and Deq. Further, the results indicate that both leaf-scale and canopy-scale CO2 hydration efficiency may be substantially lower than that previously reported for laboratory conditions. These results may have important implications for interpreting variations in atmospheric 18O-CO2 and constraining regional carbon budgets based on the oxygen isotope tracer approach.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Comment on "Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass" (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-06-16
    Description: Tilman et al. (Reports, 8 December 2006, p. 1598) argued that low-input high-diversity grasslands can provide a substantial proportion of global energy needs. We contend that their conclusions are not substantiated by their experimental protocol. The authors understated the management inputs required to establish prairies, extrapolated globally from site-specific results, and presented potentially misleading energy accounting.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Russelle, Michael P -- Morey, R Vance -- Baker, John M -- Porter, Paul M -- Jung, Hans-Joachim G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jun 15;316(5831):1567; author reply 1567.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. michael.russelle@ars.usda.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17569846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; *Biomass ; *Carbon/analysis ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; Fabaceae/growth & development/metabolism ; Plant Development ; *Plants/metabolism ; *Poaceae/growth & development/metabolism ; Soil
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Reconciling the differences between top-down and bottom-up estimates of nitrous oxide emissions for the US Corn Belt (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-16
    Description: [1]  Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is a greenhouse gas with a large global warming potential and is a major cause of stratospheric ozone depletion. Croplands are the dominant source of N 2 O, but mitigation strategies have been limited by the large uncertainties in both direct and indirect emission factors (EFs) implemented in “bottom-up” emission inventories. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommends EFs ranging from 0.75 to 2% of the anthropogenic nitrogen (N) input for the various N 2 O pathways in croplands. Consideration of the global N budget yields a much higher EF ranging between 3.8 and 5.1% of the anthropogenic N input. Here, we use two years of hourly high-precision N 2 O concentration measurements on a very tall tower to evaluate the IPCC bottom-up and global “top-down” EFs for a large representative subsection of the United States Corn Belt, a vast region spanning the US Midwest that is dominated by intensive N inputs to support corn cultivation. Scaling up these results indicates that agricultural sources in the Corn Belt released 420 ± 50 Gg N (mean ± 1 standard deviation; 1 Gg = 10 9 g) in 2010, in close agreement with the top-down estimate of 350 ± 50 Gg N and 80% larger than the bottom-up estimate based on the IPCC EFs (230 ± 180 Gg N). The large difference between the tall-tower measurement and the bottom-up estimate implies the existence of N 2 O emission hot spots ormissing sources within the landscape that are not fully accounted for in the IPCC and other bottom-up emission inventories. Reconciling these differences is an important step toward developing a practical mitigation strategy for N 2 O.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Three mechanical models for blebbing and multi-blebbing (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-24
    Description: Membrane protrusions known as blebs play important roles in many cellular phenomena. Here we present three mathematical models of the bleb formation, which use biological insights to produce phenotypically accurate pressure-driven expansions. First, we introduce a recently suggested solid mechanics framework that is able to create blebs through stretching the membrane. This framework is then extended to include reference state reconfigurations, which models membrane growth. Finally, the stretching and reconfiguring mechanical models are compared with a much simpler geometrically constrained solution. This allows us to demonstrate that simpler systems are able to capture much of the biological complexity despite more restrictive assumptions. Moreover, the simplicity of the spherical model allows us to consider multiple blebs in a tractable framework.
    Print ISSN: 0272-4960
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3634
    Topics: Mathematics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and chemical composition of water-grown oxides of GaAs (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 1863-1867 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Previously it has been shown that the electronic surface properties of GaAs can be improved by photochemical treatment in water. If this photowashing technique is carried out with intense white light, oxides several hundred angstroms thick can be grown. This paper reports the structure and composition of this photowashed oxide and one grown by soaking in stagnant water in low light. The oxide was determined by TEM cross sections to be highly porous, but with thin continuous oxide layers both at the surface and at the oxide/GaAs interface. The oxide is composed of Ga2O3 with a low concentration of As2O3. The layer is primarily a fine grain Ga oxide crystal with a structure which appears different from the common forms of Ga2O3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.345614
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging of the distribution of the single substitutional nitrogen impurity through polycrystalline diamond samples grown by chemical vapor deposition (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 82 (1997), S. 1201-1204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The distribution of the single substitutional nitrogen impurity (NS0) through the thickness of diamond films grown by chemical vapor deposition has been studied using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance imaging. The design of an Electron Paramagnetic Resonance imaging probe is described. With this probe we have measured mean bulk concentrations down to a few parts per billion carbon atoms or equivalently ∼1014 cm−3 in diamond samples with dimensions 4.5×10×0.5 mm and achieved a through film spatial resolution of the NS0 distribution of 20 μm. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365889
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of mass flow of water in the stems of herbaceous plants (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 10 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Heat balance methods of stem flow measurement offer the opportunity to measure directly the mass flow rate of water in plants. We have tested one such approach; the constant power heat balance method of Sakuratani (1981). The results supported his statement of an approximate accuracy of 10% when measuring the transpiration rate of herbaceous plants. The response to sudden changes in stem flow rate is not instantaneous, but investigation of the time constant shows that it decreases as stem flow increases, to the extent that, at flow rates typical of daytime conditions the system is capable of accurately tracking changes in stem flow within 5 min or less.We describe a new gauge design that is relatively rugged, simple to use with an appropriate digital datalogger and suitable for field use over prolonged periods of time. It does not injure or penetrate the stem, is amenable to continuous and direct recording of the mass flow rate of water in the stem and requires no calibration. A further refinement, which should improve both the accuracy and the dynamic response of the system, is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11604765
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of Mn on mineral stability in metapelites (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 15 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Calculations based on a KMnFMASH petrogenetic grid derived using an internally consistent thermodynamic dataset indicate that the principal effect of the presence of Mn in average subaluminous pelite compositions is to stabilize garnet to higher and lower pressures and temperatures over a wide range of bulk compositions. Garnet-bearing fields expand to lower temperatures and pressures with the addition of Mn, and garnet appears as an extra phase at low pressures. The addition of Mn also increases the number and extent of four AMnFM phase assemblages and stabilizes five AMnFM phases along univariant reactions. The KMnFMASH system predictions for typical subaluminous pelite bulk compositions match the sequence of isograds and assemblages observed in the Barrovian zones. The sequence of assemblages observed in the Stonehaven section can also be predicted if there is variation in bulk composition within the stratigraphic section. Mn appears to be less important in producing the sequence of isograds and garnet-absent assemblages in the low-pressure Buchan zones. The addition of Mn to the calculations does not change the sequence of isograds that are predicted to be stable in a regional metamorphic terrane, but the P–T position of these isograds does change. In particular, the predicted temperature of the garnet-in isograd is lowered by as much as 100 °C by the addition of Mn to KFMASH. Mn also increases the range of metapelite bulk compositions that develop the assemblages traditionally identified as metapelite isograds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1997.00011.x
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