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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1992), S. 550-551 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The purpose of this work was to examine environmental control of expression, at the mRNA level, of cold-inducible genes and to test the relationship of the expression of the genes to cold acclimation. Barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Igri) at the three- to four-leaf stage were (a) grown in different temperature environments between 20/15°C and +4/-4°C or (b) transferred between 20/15°C and 6/2°C or (c) grown under drought or nutrient stress conditions. Frost hardiness (using a regrowth method) and mRNA levels for three cold-induced genes, blt4-9, blt14 and blt101, from meristematic crown tissue (vegetative shoot meristem plus subtending stem and associated root initials) were measured. Hardiness and levels of blt4-9, blt14 and blt101 mRNAs increased with lower growth temperatures, below a maximum inductive temperature. Prior temperature environment and plant age affected the rate of change in mRNA levels of these genes in response to a change of temperature environment. Hardiness was strongly correlated with mRNA levels of these genes in plants grown in different temperature environments. This correlation did not extend to plants exposed to drought or nutrient stresses. Implications are drawn for plant responses to a warmer climate.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 15 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: bltA is a barley gene which, as measured by steady state mRNA levels, is induced by a low positive temperature treatment of shoot meristems. The gene is also induced in shoot meristems by drought stress. We now report the response of this gene to foliar applications of abscisic acid. The striking similarity between the predicted amino acid sequence of bltA and two maize phospholipid transfer proteins indicates a biochemical function for the bltA gene product. This homology also demonstrates the hitherto unreported environmental regulation of expression of a phospholipid transfer protein which may involve abscisic acid in the signal transduction pathway.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1796-1797 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] White5 has shown that a good separation of aliphatic from aromatic hydrocarbons could be obtained using a montmorillonite in which the naturally occurring inorganic ions had been replaced by dimethyldioctadecyl ammonium ions. During an investigation into the use of the above rgano-clay derivative ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 287-291 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolmesoxide ; hypertension ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tolmesoxide is a new, direct-acting vasodilator drug for use in the management of both hypertension and cardiac failure. In 6 essential hypertensives inadequately controlled by combined β-blocker and diuretic therapy (average supine blood pressure 178/103 mm Hg) the addition of tolmesoxide (300–900 mg daily) was associated with a significant improvement in blood pressure control (average supine blood pressure 161/89 mmHg). The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolmesoxide have also been studied because, particularly at higher doses, the drug has been associated with upper gastrointestinal upset and it has been empirically recommended that it be taken with food. The blood pressure and heart rate responses were not significantly different when tolmesoxide was taken fasting or with food. Food resulted in a significant reduction in the peak plasma tolmesoxide concentration (2.14 µg/ml compared to 2.97 µg/ml) and a significant increase in the time to reach peak plasma concentration (1.67 h compared to 0.63 h). Although there was no impairment of its hypotensive effect, food significantly altered the pharmacokinetics of tolmesoxide and may therefore be useful in reducing the gastrointestinal disturbance associated with its use. In the treatment of inadequately controlled hypertension, tolmesoxide has a limited role as an alternative vasodilator.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 75-82 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aphid-resistance ; lucerne ; alfalfa ; Medicago sativa ; spotted alfalfa aphid ; Therioaphis trifolii f. maculata ; antibiosis ; bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In autumn 1981 there were widespread reports of a reduced level of antibiosis in lucerne crops and field trials where cultivars selected for resistance to the aphid, Therioaphis trifolii f. maculata, had been used. On our field trial, the plot of ‘CUF 101’ lucerne was infested to a level about 40% of that on the aphid-susceptible ‘Hunter River’, compared with an average of about 3% over the two years before and the two years after. An experimental study of possible causes using a bioassay technique on cloned plants representing the spectrum of resistance in CUF 101 indicated that loss of resistance was temporary and occurred apparently randomly among the tests, but that certain treatments increase the frequency of its occurrence. Lowered temperatures and the use of either young regrowth or senescent lucerne, each increased the frequency of loss of resistance. Inundation of lucerne by large numbers of aphids did not affect the expression of resistance directly, but the few progeny that survived to adulthood on partly-resistance lucerne were habituated and were then able to interact with the plants to increase the apparent frequency of breakdown of resistance. Plants which showed the loss of resistance developed aphid populations between 4x ad 25x those when they expressed their normal resistance level. Investigations suggest that the situation in autumn 1981 may have been the result of a prolonged and massive immigration of aphids into lucerne crops, which, on the aphid resistant cultivars allowed surviving aphids to exploit maximally the combined effects of factors causing some loss of resistance.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 177-185 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Parasitic hymenoptera ; biological control ; aphid pests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As an integral part of a programme to attempt the biological control of several crop-infesting aphid pests in Australia by the introduction of specific hymenopterous parasites, a laboratory technique to try to predict their likely effectiveness in the field, was developed with the aim of improving selection of natural enemies in future. It was based on demonstrating whether the parasites attack a greater proportion of their hosts with increased host density, i.e. whether they show a Type 3 functional response (Holling, 1959). To overcome the problem of super-parasitisation at low densities when a parasite is confined with aphids on one plant (van Lenteren & Bakker, 1976) we used several plants in a large cage, all with the same density of host aphids. A parasite released into such a cage searches for and attacks the aphids on one plant, then leaves it to repeat the process on a second plant, and so on. After a standard exposure time the parasitisation rate is estimated separately for the aphids on each plant and the average performance of the parasite calculated. Using this technique for seven parasites introduced into Australia for biological control of crop aphids, only one, Aphidius salicis Halliday, attacking carrot aphid showed a Type 3 response.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 177-185 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: spotted alfalfa aphid ; Therioaphis trifolii ; aphid-resistant plants ; lucerne = alfalfa ; Medicago sativa ; variation ; bioassay ; antibiosis non-preference ; inter-plant movement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude de la multiplication initiale des effectifs de T. trifolii, élevés au laboratoire sur pousses de différents pieds de luzerne, a servi de test d'antibiose pour les cultures en plein champ. La distribution de l'antibiose, dans des échantillons importants de plantes appartenant à des cultivars sélectionnés pour leur résistance aux pucerons, a présenté une forme en J, c'est-à-dire que la majorité des plantes était très résistante, quelques unes apparemment sensibles, et un certain nombre intermédiaires entre ces deux extrêmes. Pour un niveau donné d'antibiose, la reproduction, la mortalité et ainsi la distribution initiale en âges dans les populations de pucerons ont été généralement identiques. La multiplication végétative de plantes présentant un gradient de résistance à l'intérieur d'un cultivar et l'utilisation d'un plan de distribution des boutures ont permis l'étude de ce qui semble être l'effet de l'hétérogénéité spatiale sur la résistance des cultures aux attaques de pucerons. La simulation d'une invasion de la culture par les pucerons en plaçant des adulte sur toutes les boutures d'un rang ne pouvait donner une explication de la croissance de la population que si les pucerons se déplacaient le long du rang pour découvrir et exploiter les pieds les plus sensibles. Une distribution par taches, comme on peut l'envisager dans un champ, ne devrait pas gêner les pucerons, car bien que les mouvements d'évasion soient stimulés par les niveaux de résistance élevés (de non-préférence), on peut en déduire que les pucerons se déplaceront sur des plantes très résistantes, eventuellement pour atteindre des plantes moins résistantes placées derriere.
    Notes: Abstract Initial population growth of spotted alfalfa aphid reared on shoots cut from individual lucerne plants, was tested and used as a realistic bioassay of antibiosis. Within cultivars selected for aphid-resistance there was a J-shaped distribution of antibiosis between plants of the crop, the majority being highly resistant, a few apparently susceptible and a proportion partly-resistant. For a given level of antibiosis, reproduction, mortality and thus initial age distribution of aphid populations were generally similar. Vegetative cloning of plants from the range of resistance available in a cultivar has allowed studies of the likely effect of spatial variation of resistance in crops on aphid infestations, using experimental arrays of cut shoots. Simulation of aphid invasion of crops by the placement of adults on all shoots of an array gave results explicable only if the aphids moved through the array to find and breed on the more susceptible plants. A patchy arrangement of these, as might be expected in a field crop, would not hinder the aphids, for although movement off a plant is stimulated by higher resistance (non-preference) levels, it was inferred that aphids will move onto higher resistance plants, eventually to reach lower resistance plants beyond.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Diuraphis noxia ; Aphelinus varipes ; Australia ; anticipating biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pour répondre à la menace que représente pour la céréaliculture australienne la dispersion mondiale deDiuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), il a été procédé à un essai de lutte biologique préventive par l'introduction d'un parasitoïde oligophageAphelinus varipes (Foerster) dans la biocénose aphidienne présente actuellement sur les céréales d'Australie. Des précisions sont données sur l'origine du parasitoïde utilisé, son introduction, son élevage et son lâcher en Australie, ainsi que sur les études connexes au champ et en laboratoire.A. varipes ne semble pas s'être acclimaté jusqu'à maintenant; les causes possibles sont analysées et discutées.
    Notes: Abstract Responding to the threat posed to the Australian wheat industry by the world-wide spread of the Russian wheat aphid,Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), an attempt to anticipate its biological control was made by introducing its oligophagous hymenopteran parasiteAphelinus varipes (Foerster) into the current Australian cereal aphid community. Details, of the source of the parasite material and its introduction, mass-rearing and release in Australia, together with follow-up studies in the field and laboratory are given. No evidence of establishment has been found so far and the possible reasons for this are explored and discussed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 8 (1975), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On montre que la dégradation thermique en atmosphère inerte du trichlorure de tris-éthylène-diammine chrom(III) est catalysée par le chlorure d'ammonium mais non par le bromure ou l'iodure d'ammonium, contrairement à ce qui avait été postulé par un autre auteur. Les détails de la présentation de l'échantillon et l'existence de conditions oxydantes peuvent avoir influencer les résultats antérieurs. On suppose que l'effet de catalyseur du chlorure d'ammonium est dû à sa dissociation en acide chlorhydrique et en ammoniac. Le premier de ces composés est un acide de Lewis actif sur le processus de la catalyse. L'énergie d'activation de la dégradation s'élève à 175±15 J · mol−1 pour le sel pur, à 128±15 J · mol−1 en présence de chlorure d'ammonium et à 79±15 J · mol−1 en présence d'acide chlorhydrique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die thermische Zersetzung von Trisäthylendiamin-Chrom(III)-trichlorid in inerter Atmosphäre von Ammoniumchlorid katalysiert wird, nicht jedoch von Ammoniumbromid oder Ammoniumjodid, wie von anderen früher angenommen wurde. Die unterschiedliche Vorbereitung der Probe kann die Ergebnisse beeinflussen und oxidierende Bedingungen sich bei früheren Arbeiten ausgewirkt haben. Es wird angenommen, daß die katalysierende Rolle des Ammoniumchlorids durch seine Dissoziation in Chlorwasserstoff und Ammoniak hervorgerufen wird. Erstere wirkt als eine aktive Lewis-Säure im katalytischen Prozeß. Die Aktivierungsenergien für das reine Salz 175±J · mol−1, in Gegenwart von Ammoniumchlorid 128±J · mol−1 und in Gegenwart von Chlorwasserstoff-Gas 79±15 J · mol−1.
    Notes: Abstract The thermal decomposition of trisethylene diamine chromium(III) trichloride in an inert atmosphere has been shown to be catalysed by ammonium chloride but not by ammonium bromide or ammonium iodide as suggested by a previous worker. The details of sample presentation can effect the results and the presence of oxidising conditions may have influenced previous work. The role of ammonium chloride as a catalyst is believed to be through its dissociation into hydrogen chloride and ammonia. The former is an active Lewis acid in the catalytic process. The activation energies of decomposition are for pure salt 175±15 J mol−1, in the presence of ammonium chloride 128±15 J mol−1 and with hydrogen chloride gas 79±15 J mol−1.
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