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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pollution Regulation and Incentives for Pollution-Control Research (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of economics & management strategy 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We study the firm's incentives to engage in research for pollution-control technologies and to adopt new technologies that if discovers or that are discovered by other firms. Licensing of discoveries is assumed possible. We also study the regulator's problem in designing optimal environmental regulations that both control pollution and provide incentives for research. Technology adoption standards are part of the optimal regulation. Another finding is that making the adoption standard stricter reduces research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1995.00663.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do Plants Overcomply with Water Pollution Regulations? The Role of Discharge Variability (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Topics in economic analysis & policy 6.2006, 1, art4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1538-0653
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper uses previously unexploited data to examine polluters' compliance with point-source water pollution regulations, a line of inquiry motivated by widespread apparent overcompliance. We use a nationwide panel of monthly plant-level effluent concentrations from 1991-1999. These monthly data allow us to observe month-to-month variability in discharges and therefore to test hypotheses not previously examined. We find that plants that have higher discharge variability have lower median discharges. This is strong evidence for the purported "safety margin" effect. This result then implies that average discharges, a common measure of polluter behavior, are not an accurate indicator of polluter behavior.In response, we construct a plant-specific implied probability of a violation that accounts for discharge variability. We show that plants in richer communities have lower violation probabilities. We further argue that plants are indeed overcomplying with the regulations even when accounting for the safety margin effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bejeap/topics/vol6/iss1/art4
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    When Economists Dream, They Dream of Clear Skies (2005)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Economists' voice 2.2005, 2, art7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1553-3832
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Clear Skies is an economist's approach to pollution reduction. We heartily endorse its core approach, while recommending surgery for a few minor blemishes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ev/vol2/iss2/art7
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Baseline Risk and Preference for Reductions in Risk-to-Life (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 13 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The typical model of individual attitudes toward risk-to-life suggests that an individual's willingness to pay for a reduction in mortality risk increases with the baseline risk. The higher-baseline hypothesis has been the subject of several empirical tests but results have so far been mixed. Using survey evidence, we present a situation in which subjects do prefer to reduce risks for which the baseline is higher. This finding is robust to several alternative explanations. Survey responses reflect subjects’concerns about government effectiveness in risk reduction, environmental effects associated with the various hazards, and other idiosyncratic elements of the risks; however, these concerns appear to occur in addition to, not in lieu of, the preference to reduce higher risks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb00746.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evoked potentials arising from neural population elements excited at different times on a warped surface (1966)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 519-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Certain types of cortical electrical events are non-propagated so that the associated electric fields must have standing wave characteristics. However, cortical electric events typically are generated by neurone populations which cannot be activated simultaneously on impulse driving. Hence the sum of the standing wave fields due to asynchronous activation of adjoining regions of cortical neurones must give the appearance of a traveling wave. Analysis of cortical waveforms is further complicated by curvature in cortical surfaces. A model is presented that shows the effects of curvature and time lag in activation on the form of the potential at points in space around a laminar array of elements simulating a population of cortical neurones. The results are compared with waveforms evoked by single-shock stimulation of the prepyriform cortex in cats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02476859
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pollution, public disclosure, and firm behavior (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of regulatory economics 5 (1993), S. 303-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper looks at whether a government regulator should publicly announce the amounts of pollution emitted by individual firms and plants. Disclosure may be important if there is incomplete information about firm costs, since pollution levels may be used by the regulated firm as a signal of costs to rival firms. We compare the signaling games under public disclosure and no disclosure. Welfare is likely reduced by disclosure, but if the regulator can adjust the stringency of the relevant pollution regulations, then the loss in welfare can be smaller. The implications of these results for pollution permits markets are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065956
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discounting statistical lives (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of risk and uncertainty 3 (1990), S. 403-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0476
    Keywords: discount rate ; statistical life ; discrete choice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Benefit-cost analysis of government projects that reduce health risks over an extended period of time requires an estimate of the value of a future life. This in turn requires a discount rate. We suggest and carry out a method to estimate the discount rate using observations on discrete choices between projects with different time horizons. This method is implemented in a survey context. For our primary example, the estimated median discount rate is close to the market rate. A substantial proportion of the sample is estimated to have quite low discount rates. We provide some evidence that discount rates may differ for different types of risks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353349
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time and risk (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of risk and uncertainty 10 (1995), S. 37-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0476
    Keywords: uncertainty ; intertemporal choice ; life-cycle ; stochastic dominance ; temporal dominance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Intertemporal choice has obvious similarities with choice under uncertainty. However, because of technical difficulties in mapping results between the two domains, theoretical analysis of these topics has proceeded independently. In this article, we show that, using Rank Dependent Expected Utility rather than Expected Utility as the basic uncertain choice model, numerous analogies between the two fields may be identified and exploited. The key result is the derivation of a natural analogy between risk-aversion and impatience. This permits the reinterpretation of well-known results on stochastic dominance and comparative risk-aversion in the context of intertemporal choice. It is also possible to reinterpret results on intertemporal optimization in order to derive new results for portfolio choice problems under uncertainty.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211527
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic pollution regulation (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of regulatory economics 8 (1995), S. 33-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines pollution regulation in a dynamic setting with complete information. We show that tradeable pollution permits may not achieve the social optimum even when the permit market is perfectly competitive. The reason is that the optimal tradeable permits regulation will typically be time inconsistent. We then show that pollution taxes can achieve the first best and are time consistent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066598
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  • 10
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    Pollution, Public Disclosure and Firm Behavior (1993)
    Norwell, Mass. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Journal of regulatory economics. 5:3 (1993:Sept.) 303-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0922-680X
    Topics: Economics
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:h431-1993-005-03-000005
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