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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1988-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0167-8809
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-2305
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 43-45 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: electrical penetration graph ; EPG ; Thrips tabaci ; Frankliniella occidentalis ; cucumber ; leek
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 345-353 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Thysanoptera ; Frankliniella occidentalis ; feeding ; electronic monitoring ; EPG ; cucumber ; chrysanthemum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant penetration by western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)) was analysed with the electrical penetration graph technique (EPG, DC-system). Thrips attached to a gold wire were included in an electrical circuit to record EPGs when penetrating the plant tissues with their stylets. Three basic EPG waveforms have been distinguished, correlated with stylet penetration into cells, salivation, and ingestion, respectively. The main difference with EPGs of Homoptera is the occurrence of continued separate penetrations that are not necessarily followed by ingestion. Insertion of the stylets causes strong voltage fluctuations in the EPG. We could confirm earlier evidence that penetration of cells and subsequent ingestion of (part of) the protoplast takes less than 20 seconds. Repeated short penetrations can be followed by a continuous feeding pattern during which the stylets are not withdrawn. The same sequence of waveforms is produced on other plant parts such as fruits or pollen grains. The specific waveforms are mainly caused by electromotive force (emf). The emf component was recorded with high resolution and the correlation of waveform details with activities of the cibarial muscle system is discussed.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Thysanoptera ; western flower thrips ; virus-vector interactions ; tomato spotted wilt virus ; EPG ; image analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Feeding behavior and scar production of male and female F. occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) were studied in relation to transmission of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV). Electrical penetration graph (EPG) analysis showed that females feed more frequently and intensively than males. The feeding intensity, reflected by silvery scar production and studied by an image analysis system, demonstrated that females induced more numerous scars than males. At the same time, males transmitted TSWV with a higher efficiency than females, indicating that TSWV transmission and scar production are not positively correlated. Furthermore, males produced significantly more local lesions of TSWV than females. These quantitative differences in scar production and transmission of TSWV can be explained by the lower mobility and higher consumption rate of females. The influence of the sex-ratio on crop damage and virus transmission, and thus to the spread of TSWV, is emphasized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 101-107 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insect control ; Myzus persicae ; plant protection ; polypropylene fleece ; potato ; potato aphids ; stylet penetration ; virus transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des enregistrements électriques et des observations visuelles du comportement de pénétration, combinés avec l'usage de la technique ELISA, ont montré que l'usage de toiles de fibres synthétiques élaborées au laboratoire était très prometteur pour la protection des plantes contre des infections virales transmises par des aphides. On a pu démontrer que la pénétration du stylet dans des feuilles de pomme de terre pouvait être empèchée en couvrant les plantes avec ces matériaux. La production en masse récente de nappes en fibres de polypropylene soudées et de filets de polyethylène a rendu possibles des expériences de terrain pour déterminer leur effet sur le comportement de sondage des pucerons et sur la transmission des virus. Des essais en plein champ avec des pommes de terre ont montré qu'un type de nappe en particulier protégeait complètement les plantes contre la transmission de virus (PVY en PLRV) et qu'avec un second type de nappe et un filet une petite proportion de plantes était infectée. Dans des parcelles non couvertes la proportion de plantes infectées s'élevait jusqu'à 25%. Une récolte de pommes de terre semencières couverte d'une nappe de polypropylène régulièrement inspectée afin de remédier aux détériorations éventuelles sera totalement protégée contre la transmission de virus.
    Notes: Abstract Electrical registration and visual observation of penetration behaviour combined with ELISA-technique showed that laboratory-made webs of synthetic fibers were very promising to protect plants against virus infection by aphids. It was demonstrated that stylet penetration by aphids into potato leaves could be prevented by covering plants with these materials. The recent mass production of polypropylene sealed fiber fleeces and polyethylene nettings have made field experiments possible to determine their effect on aphid probing behaviour and virus transmission. Field experiments with potatoes showed that one particular fleece completely protected the plants against virus transmission (PVY and PLRV) and with a second fleece and a netting a small proportion of plants were infected. In uncovered plots up to 25% of plants became infected. A seed potato crop covered with polypropylene fleece which is inspected regularly for damage will be fully protected against virus transmission.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 16 (1973), S. 499-513 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des larves présumées alatiformes, nées d'aptères de Myzus persicae élevées sur des plantes, peuvent donner des aptères quand elles sont transférées sur des milieux artificiels d'une composition appropriée. Ces milieux contiennent tous les éléments nutritifs essentiels pour la croissance, seule la proportion des acides aminés est suboptimale. Ces résultats sont en contradiction avec l'opinion générale qu'une nutrition déficiente a pour conséquence la production d'alatiformes. À l'aide d'un appareil nouvellement mis au point et avec lequel il est possible d'assurer une alimentation continue des pucerons, on a pu mettre en évidence que la production d'alatiformes est possible sur un milieu nutritif suboptimal, mais il s'est révélé que cela est dû à l'augmentation de l'agitation des larves. Dans les larves nouvellement nées et élvées dans des conditions d'une surpopulation contrôlée, la tendance des pucerons à devenir aptères peut être neutralisée par des inhibiteurs de la synthèse des indol-alkylamines. L'importance du metabolisme des mono-amines dans la formation des ailes est discutée.
    Notes: Abstract Presumptive alatiform larvae deposited by groups of plant-reared apterous Myzus persicae can be diverted to an apterous course of development on artificial diets, which, although providing all essential nutrients, have an amino nitrogen ratio suboptimal for growth. These results are in contradiction to a widely accepted assumption that poor nutrition induces alata-production. Experiments with a newly developed continuous-flow artificial feeding apparatus for aphids showed that a nutritionally imbalanced diet may indeed favour wing production in case such a diet stimulates restlessness of the aphids. The tendency to follow an apterous course of development can be neutralized by inhibitors of the synthesis of indole alkylamines in new-born larvae, reared under conditions of controlled crowding stimuli. The possible significance of monoamine metabolism in wing formation of M. persicae is discussed.
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  • 7
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 17 (1974), S. 322-324 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 8
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 24 (1978), S. 398-414 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez les pucerons, le polymorphisme est un phénomène saisonnier complexe, influencé pas un certain nombre de facteurs intrinsèques et extrinsèques. Le polymorphisme est lié à l'alternance des hôtes et à la succession des générations. Dans tous les cas étudiés, la détermination de la morphe est réglée par des facteurs physiques et par des relations sociales comme la densité de la population. Outre ces facteurs, la plante-hôte peut jouer un rôle dominant dans le dimorphisme alaire de différentes espèces. Il semble également que l'état de l'hôte puisse influencer la production des sexupares. Les substances de la plante-hôte qui influencent la détermination des morphes chezM. persicae peuvent être réparties en un certain nombre de catégories: 1. Nutrimentsper se, qui stimulent la croissance et la reproduction. Ils ont un effet indirect sur la production des ailes, car ils influencent la densité de la population (effet de densation). 2. Facteurs influençant le degré d'agitation des pucerons. 3. Facteurs qui déclenchent, au niveau du cerveau des pucerons, le démarrage de la production de la morphe aptère ou ailée. 4. Substances spécifiques agissant sur l'une ou l'autre morphe qui modifient la réaction du cerveau à des facteurs d'environnement, comme la densation. 5. Facteurs de pseudo-densation. Ils sont introduits dans la plante par les pucerons et influencent des pucerons se trouvant à un endroit différent de la plante. On donne des exemples pour chacune de ces catégories et on en discute le mode d'action possible.
    Notes: Abstract In aphids polymorphism is a complex seasonal phenomenon influenced by a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Polymorphism is connected to host alternation and to generation succession. In all cases studied, morph determination is regulated by physical factors and by social relationships such as population density. Apart from these factors, the host plant can play a dominating role in wing dimorphism of different species. There is also evidence that the condition of the host may influence the production of sexuparae. Host plant substances influencing morph determination inM. persicae can be divided into a number of classes: I. Nutrientsper se, stimulating growth and reproduction. They have an indirect effect on wing production, as they influence population density (crowding effect). II. Factors affecting restlessness of the aphids. III. Factors acting as “tokens”, triggering the aphid brain to initiate the production of the apterous or alate morph. IV. Specific morph-active substances, which interfere with the response of the brain to environmental factors, such as crowding. V. Pseudo-crowding factors. They are introduced into the plant by the aphids and influence aphids at a different site on the plant. For each of these classes examples are given and their possible mode of action is discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 123-134 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aphids ; saliva ; salivary enzymes ; oxidases ; artificial diets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Substances secreted by aphids into diets through a rubber-wax membrane can be detected by their absorption of low wavelength ultraviolet light. Their detection can be simplified by presenting water as diet. Of the substances secreted into water by non-crowded aphids within 24 h, ca 35–55% of the absorbance at 200 nm can be accounted for by reactions with protein reagents and/or electrophoresis. Macrosiphum euphorbiae secreted over 30 ng of salivary protein in bovine serum albumin equivalents per mg fresh body weight. SDS-PAGE revealed that the proteins initially secreted had subunits mostly of 〉100,000 Daltons. When dead or dying aphids were present on the membrane, however, e.g. due to crowding or prolonged confinement in the feeding chamber, additional subunits of 〈30,000 Daltons also appeared in the water. When feeding continued for more than 24 h, proteins, separable by electrophoresis began to disappear, possibly as a result of leakage of lyzing enzymes into the water from aphids that had died with their mouth parts still inserted through the membrane. The initial secretions possessed oxidase activity. Invertase was not detected but the secretion caused non-enzymatic reduction of a copper reagent used for detection of reducing sugars. Marked contrasts were noted between the electrophoretic protein patterns of the saliva of different species of aphids. The saliva of Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae contained over twice as much catechol oxidase activity per unit of salivary protein as that of Nasonovia ribisnigri and Aphis fabae. The significance of these findings in relation to use of artificial diets for colony maintenance and feeding experiments and for studies of aphid-plant interactions is discussed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 93-98 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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