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1

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Decomposition of secondary compounds from needle litter of Scots pine grown under elevated CO2 and O3 (2003)

Kainulainen, Pirjo ; Holopainen, Toini ; Holopainen, Jarmo K.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd

Global change biology 9 (2003), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2486

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography

Notes: Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) concentrations have both been shown to affect plant tissue quality, which in turn could affect litter decomposition and carbon (C) and nutrient cycling. In order to evaluate effects of climate change on litter chemistry, needle litter was collected from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) saplings exposed to elevated CO2 or O3 concentration and their combination over three growing seasons in open-top chambers. The decomposition of needle litter was followed for 19 months in a pine forest. During decomposition, needle samples for secondary compound analysis were collected and the mass loss of needles was followed. Main nutrients and total phenolics were analysed from litter in the beginning and at the end of the experiment. After 19-month decomposition, the accumulated mass loss was about 34%; however, no significant differences were found in decomposition rates of needle litter between various treatments. Concentrations of total monoterpenes were about 4%, total resin acids 21% and total phenolics 14% of the initial concentrations in litter after 19-month decomposition. In the beginning of litter decomposition, concentrations of individual monoterpenes –α-pinene and β-pinene – were significantly higher in needle litter grown under elevated CO2. However, concentrations of total monoterpenes during the whole decomposition period were not significantly affected by CO2 or O3 treatments. Concentrations of some individual and total resin acids were higher in needle litter grown under elevated CO2 or O3 than under ambient air. There were no significant differences in concentrations of total phenolics as well as nitrogen (N) and the main nutrient concentrations between treatments during decomposition. High concentrations of monoterpenes and resin acids in needles might slightly delay C recycling in forest soils. It is concluded that elevated CO2 and O3 concentrations do not have remarkable impacts on litter decomposition processes in Scots pine forests.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00555.x

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The influence of elevated O3 and CO2 concentrations on secondary metabolites of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. ) seedlings (2001)

Sallas, Leena ; Kainulainen, Pirjo ; Utriainen, Jarkko ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Global change biology 7 (2001), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2486

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography

Notes: Terpene, resin acid and total phenolic concentrations in five-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were analysed after exposure to ambient and realistically elevated (2 × ambient) O3 and CO2 concentrations and their combination in open-top chambers during two growing seasons. Under O3 exposure, limonene concentration in needles and isopimaric concentration in stems decreased significantly. As a response to elevated CO2, α-pinene and total phenolic concentrations in needles increased significantly, while bornyl acetate concentration in needles and palustric + levopimaric and neoabietic acid concentrations in stems decreased significantly. Some terpenes and resin acids were found at lower concentrations in the combined O3 and CO2 treatment than in O3 exposure or elevated CO2. A negative chamber effect was found: seedlings growing inside the chambers with ambient air had significantly lower concentrations of some terpenes and resin acids than seedlings growing outside the chambers. There was a lot of between-tree variation in terpene and resin acid concentrations, which is typical of open-pollinated populations. The results of this study suggest that, at least in short-term experiments, Scots pine secondary metabolites are relatively insensitive to climate change factors. Total phenolics in the needles were the most responsive group showing about 25% increase in elevated CO2, and O3 exposure did not mitigate this CO2 effect. Terpenes and resin acids were less responsive, although some individual compounds showed notable responses, e.g. α-pinene in needles, which increased about 50% in response to elevated CO2. As a consequence, although there were only slight effects on total pools of needle secondary metabolites, considerable O3 and CO2 effects on certain individual compounds might have ecological significance via trophic amplification, e.g. in decomposing processes of needle litter.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00408.x

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3

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Influence of elevated ozone and limited nitrogen availability on conifer seedlings in an open-air fumigation system: effects on growth, nutrient content, mycorrhiza, needle ultrastructure, starch and secondary compounds (2000)

Kainulainen, Pirjo ; Utriainen, Jarkko ; Holopainen, Jarmo K. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2486

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography

Notes: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) seedlings were exposed to realistically elevated O3 levels in open-air experiments over three growing seasons. The total O3 exposure doses were 1.2 × (1991), 1.5 × (1992) and 1.7 × (1993) ambient levels. During the 1992 and 1993 growing seasons pine and spruce seedlings received two different levels of nitrogen supply. Effects on growth, mycorrhiza formation, needle ultrastructure, primary and secondary compounds were studied. Ozone exposure had only slight effects on biomass production, growth height and nutrient content of studied conifers. Higher nitrogen availability improved growth of the seedlings and resulted in higher concentration of nitrogen in needles. In Scots pine O3 exposure did not have effects on quantity of total mycorrhizas and short roots, while higher nitrogen availability decreased quantity of mycorrhizas and short roots. In both tree species O3 exposure induced O3-related ultrastructural symptoms, e.g. granulation and dark staining of the chloroplast stroma in the needle mesophyll cells, at both nitrogen availability levels. Ozone exposure and nitrogen availability did not have significant effects on starch concentrations in either tree species. Concentrations of some individual terpenes were higher in O3-exposed needles, while concentrations of individual and total resin acids, total phenolics and catechins were not affected by O3 exposure. Nitrogen availability did not have substantial effects on concentrations of monoterpenes. By contrast, concentrations of some individual and total resin acids were lower in pine needles and higher in spruce needles with higher nitrogen availability, while phenolic concentration in spruce needles decreased at higher nitrogen availability. The results suggest that realistically elevated levels of O3 in the field can have some negative effects on the mesophyll ultrastructure of conifer needles, but carbon allocation to root and shoot growth and secondary metabolites are not affected substantially.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00310.x

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4

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The role of low-level ozone exposure and mycorrhizas in chemical quality and insect herbivore performance on Scots pine seedlings (2000)

Manninen, Anne-Marja ; Holopainen, Toini ; Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa, Päivi ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2486

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography

Notes: The effects of low-level ozone exposure and suppression of natural mycorrhizas on the above-ground chemical quality of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles and insect herbivore performance were studied in a two-year field experiment. Seedlings were fumigated with the ozone doses 1.5–1.7 times the ambient, and natural mycorrhizal infection level was about 35% reduced in roots with fungicide propiconazole. On ozone-exposed seedlings the mean relative growth rate (MRGR) of Lygus rugulipennis Popp. nymphs was lower than on ambient ozone seedlings, but Gilpinia pallida Klug sawfly larvae grew better on elevated ozone seedlings than on ambient ozone seedlings. MRGR of Schizolachnus pineti Fabr. and Cinara pinea L. aphid nymphs or Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr. sawfly larvae or the oviposition of L. rugulipennis and N. sertifer were not affected by ozone exposure. Although ozone exposure did not affect total phenolics, total terpene, total or individual resin acid, total free amino acid, nutrient or sugar concentrations in needles, MRGR of L. rugulipennis positively correlated with total terpenes and MRGR of G. pallida positively with total amino acids. In addition, ozone exposure increased serine and proline concentration and marginally also starch concentration in needles. When mycorrhizas were reduced with fungicide, only MRGR of L. rugulipennis nymphs increased, but performance of other insect herbivores studied was not changed. However, number of L. rugulipennis eggs correlated positively with mycorrhizal infection level and also with total sugars. Reduction of mycorrhizas did not strongly affect the concentrations of analysed compounds in needles, because only phosphorus and potassium and some individual resin acids were reduced by fungicide treatment. These results suggest that low-level ozone exposure and moderately declined mycorrhizal infection do not drastically affect either the above-ground chemical quality of Scots pine seedlings or performance of studied insect herbivores.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00290.x

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5

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Carbon dioxide-induced changes in beech foliage cause female beech weevil larvae to feed in a compensatory manner (1996)

DOCHERTY, MAUREEN ; HURST, DEBRA K. ; HOLOPAINEN, JARMO K. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Global change biology 2 (1996), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2486

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography

Notes: The phenology of Fagus sylvatica was unaffected by exposure to an atmosphere of elevated CO2 (600 μL L-1) after two years of fumigation. Non-significant changes in nitrogen and phenolic content of the leaves decreased the nutritional status of beech for female larvae in elevated CO2 such that they responded by eating in a compensatory manner; males were unaffected. Rates of development, mortality and adult biomass of Rhynchaenus fagi were no different from those in ambient CO2 concentrations (355 μL L -1). It is possible that, with the changes in leaf chemistry affecting the females, fecundity will be altered, with important consequences for populations of beech weevil.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00085.x

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6

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Variable growth and reproduction response of the spruce shoot aphid, Cinara pilicornis, to increasing ozone concentrations (1998)

Holopainen, Jarmo K. ; Kössi, Sonja

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 87 (1998), S. 109-113

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Keywords: Norway spruce ; Picea abies ; air pollution ; insects

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Spruce shoot aphid, Cinara pilicornis Hartig (Homoptera: Lachnidae), is an aphid species that has shown enhanced performance on trees exposed to SO2 or mixtures of air pollutants, whereas results with ozone have been contradictory. Using a 4-week chamber fumigation experiment, we tested how different population dynamic parameters of aphids are affected by ozone (O3). Mean relative growth rate (MRGR), development time and reproduction rate of C. pilicornis were determined using 7h day-time O3 concentrations of 0, 40, 80 and 160 ppb. Development period from birth to reproductive stage was fastest at 80 ppb during early shoot elongation, while reproduction and intrinsic rate of population increase was not significantly affected by ozone concentration. There was a significant negative correlation between ozone concentration and the MRGR of first instar nymphs in the third fumigation week. In feeding test performed on seedlings after fumigation, the MRGR was reduced on shoots which had been exposed to 80 ppb O3. The results suggest that elevated O3 concentration during early shoot elongation period may stimulate population development of C. pilicornis, but on maturing shoots, high O3 concentration has a negative effect on aphid performance. This might be due to accelerated ageing of O3 exposed shoots.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003241703852

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7

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Performance of grey pine aphid, Schizolachnus pineti, on ectomycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Scots pine seedlings at different levels of nitrogen availability (1999)

Manninen, Anne-Marja ; Holopainen, Toini ; Holopainen, Jarmo K.

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 117-120

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003826507933

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8

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Effects of drought and waterlogging on ultrastructure of Scots pine and Norway spruce needles (1994)

Palomäki, Virpi ; Holopainen, Jarmo K. ; Holopainen, Toini

Springer

Trees 9 (1994), S. 98-105

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ISSN: 1432-2285

Keywords: Pinus sylvestris ; Picea abies ; Drought ; Waterlogging ; Needle ultrastructure

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Effects of water stress on needle ultrastructure of 2-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and 5-year-old Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] seedlings were studied in greenhouse experiments. Drought stress was induced by leaving seedlings without watering, and waterlogging stress was produced by submerging the seedling containers in water. Needle samples for ultrastructural analyses were collected several times during the experiments, and samples for nutrient analyses at the end of the experiments. In drought stress, plasmolysis of mesophyll and transfusion parenchyma tissues, aggregation of chloroplast stroma and its separation from thylakoids and decreased size and abundance of starch grains in needles of both species were observed. The concentration of lipid bodies around the chloroplasts were detected in pine needles. Calcium and water concentrations in spruce needles were lower by the end of the experiments compared to controls. In waterlogging treatment, swelling of phloem cells in pine needles and large starch grains, slight swelling of thylakoids and increased translucency of plastoglobuli in chloroplasts of both species studied were observed. The phosphorus concentration in pine needles was higher while phosphorus, calcium and magnesium concentrations in spruce needles were lower in the waterlogging treatments compared to controls. Typical symptoms induced by drought stress, e. g. aggregation of chloroplast stroma and its separation from thylakoids, were detected, but, in waterlogging stress, ultrastructural symptoms appeared to be related to the developing nutrient imbalance of needles.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202129

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9

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Abundance and control of Lygus rugulipennis (Heteroptera: Miridae) on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) nursery stock (1990)

Holopainen, Jarmo K. ; Rikala, Risto

Springer

New forests 4 (1990), S. 13-25

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ISSN: 1573-5095

Keywords: pine seedlings ; bud abnormality ; insects ; cypermethrin

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Population fluctuations of the European tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis Popp.) on nursery-grown Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L. were monitored with sweep net samples over five growing seasons. The effects of cypermethrin, lindane and oxydemetonmethyl insecticide sprayings on the occurrence of Lygus adults and nymphs and prevalence of bud disorders of pine seedlings were studied. The number of Lygus bugs was highest in 1984, the first year of the study, and thereafter the annual levels of the bug declined, reaching a low in 1988. On 2- and 3-year-old Scots pine seedlings the numbers of overwintered L. rugulipennis adults and nymphs correlated positively with the occurrence of abnormal buds. Cypermethrin sprayings significantly reduced the numbers of Lygus nymphs in 1985 and 1987. In 1986 significantly fewer damaged seedlings and L. rugulipennis adults were found in pine transplants treated with cypermethrin.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119587

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