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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of thick cryogenic fuel layers using convergent-beam interferometry: A numerical investigation (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 2928-2935 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The inner-surface roughness of thick cryogenic-fuel layers in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets plays a critical role in determining the overall success of an ICF capsule implosion. Imperfections at this surface affect the growth of Raleigh–Taylor hydrodynamic instabilities during both the acceleration and deceleration phases of the implosion. Characterization of this surface is performed using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer that illuminates the target with a wavefront that is convergent to a point near the targets' rear focal point, thereby reducing the strong negative-lens effects of the thick cryogenic fuel layer. The construction of this interferometer is described in the text. Phase-shifting interferometry is utilized to acquire the perturbed wavefronts that have passed through the target. These wavefronts are subsequently sampled around the target perimeter and decomposed into a one-dimensional Fourier spectrum, which is Abel transformed into a two-dimensional (2D) spectrum. The validity of convergent-beam interferometry is demonstrated by analyzing numerically generated perturbed wavefronts. The wavefronts are analyzed, and the (2D) spectrum obtained is compared to the actual spectrum imposed on the interior of the ice surface of the target model. Agreement between these spectra is 〉80% for Legendre modes between 2 and 50. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1287412
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical and plasma smoothing of laser imprinting in targets driven by lasers with SSD bandwidths up to 1 THz : The 42nd annual meeting of the division of plasma physics of the American Physical Society and the 10th international congress on plasma physics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 2331-2337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The creation of a plasma atmosphere in laser-target interactions increases the distance between the regions of laser absorption and hydrodynamic instability (ablation front), thus allowing thermal smoothing and a reduction of laser-imprinted modulations that reach the unstable ablation region. The total laser imprinting is reduced with pulse shapes that produce a plasma atmosphere more rapidly and by the implementation of temporal beam smoothing. These effects are measured and found to be consistent with models for the hydrodynamics and optical smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD). Imprinting is reduced as the laser bandwidth is increased from 0.2 to 1.0 THz. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1352616
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Core performance and mix in direct-drive spherical implosions with high uniformity : The 42nd annual meeting of the division of plasma physics of the American Physical Society and the 10th international congress on plasma physics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 2251-2256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The performance of gas-filled, plastic-shell implosions has significantly improved with advances in on-target uniformity on the 60-beam OMEGA laser system [T. R. Boehly, D. L. Brown, R. S. Craxton et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)]. Polarization smoothing (PS) with birefringent wedges and 1-THz-bandwidth smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD) have been installed on OMEGA. The beam-to-beam power imbalance is ≤5% rms. Implosions of 20-μm-thick CH shells (15 atm fill) using full beam smoothing (1-THz SSD and PS) have primary neutron yields and fuel areal densities that are ∼70% larger than those driven with 0.35-THz SSD without PS. They also produce ∼35% of the predicted one-dimensional neutron yield. The results described here suggest that individual-beam nonuniformity is no longer the primary cause of nonideal target performance. A highly constrained model of the core conditions and fuel–shell mix has been developed. It suggests that there is a "clean" fuel region, surrounded by a mixed region, that accounts for half of the fuel areal density. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1350964
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling hydrodynamic instabilities in inertial confinement fusion targets (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 5118-5139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In inertial confinement fusion experiments, a cold target material is accelerated by a hot, low-density plasma. The interface between the heavy and light materials is Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) unstable. To estimate the perturbation growth in accelerated targets, a postprocessor to the results of one-dimensional codes is developed. The postprocessor is based on the sharp-boundary model that takes into account time variation in the unperturbed state, mode interaction of neighboring interfaces in the target, effects of spherical convergence, and the mass ablation. The model reveals a new stabilizing effect of ablation for modes with wavelengths longer than the shell thickness. For such modes with γcl〉Va/d, the perturbation growth is reduced to η∼m(t)/m(0)e∫dt′γcl2−kVblVa/(2d), where γcl=kg is the classical RT growth rate of interface perturbations in the semi-infinite slab subject to gravitational field g, k is the wave number, d and m(t) are the slab thickness and mass, and Va and Vbl are the ablation and blowoff velocities, respectively. The perturbation evolution calculated by using the developed postprocessor is shown to be in good agreement with the results of two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1321016
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single-mode, Rayleigh-Taylor growth-rate measurements on the OMEGA laser system (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 338-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The results from a series of single-mode, Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability growth experiments performed on the OMEGA laser system [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] using planar targets are reported. Planar targets with imposed mass perturbations were accelerated using five or six 351 nm laser beams overlapped with total intensities up to 2.5×1014 W/cm2. Experiments were performed with both 3 ns ramp and 3 ns flat-topped temporal pulse shapes. The use of distributed phase plates and smoothing by spectral dispersion resulted in a laser-irradiation nonuniformity of 4%–7% over a 600 μm diam region defined by the 90% intensity contour. The temporal growth of the modulation in optical depth was measured using throughfoil radiography and was detected with an x-ray framing camera for CH targets. Two-dimensional (2-D) hydrodynamic simulations (ORCHID) [R. L. McCrory and C. P. Verdon, in Inertial Confinement Fusion (Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 1989), pp. 83–124] of the growth of 20, 31, and 60 μm wavelength perturbations were in good agreement with the experimental data when the experimental details, including noise, were included. The amplitude of the simulation optical depth is in good agreement with the experimental optical depth; therefore, great care must be taken when the growth rates are compared to dispersion formulas. Since the foil's initial condition just before it is accelerated is not that of a uniformly compressed foil, the optical density measurement does not accurately reflect the amplitude of the ablation surface but is affected by the initial nonuniform density profile. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873802
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-consistent stability analysis of ablation fronts with large Froude numbers (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 1402-1414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The linear stability analysis of accelerated ablation fronts is carried out self-consistently by retaining the effect of finite thermal conductivity. Its temperature dependence is included through a power law (κ∼Tν) with a power index ν(approximately-greater-than)1. The growth rate is derived for Fr(very-much-greater-than)1 (Fr is the Froude number) by using a boundary layer analysis. The self-consistent Atwood number and the ablative stabilization term depend on the mode wavelength, the density gradient scale length, and the power index ν. The analytic formula for the growth rate is shown to be in excellent agreement with the numerical fit of Takabe, Mima, Montierth, and Morse [Phys. Fluids 28, 3676 (1985)] for ν=2.5 and the numerical results of Kull [Phys. Fluids B 1, 170 (1989)] over a large range of ν's. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871730
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-consistent stability analysis of ablation fronts in inertial confinement fusion (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 2122-2128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The linear stability analysis of accelerated ablation fronts is carried out self-consistently by retaining the effect of finite thermal conductivity. Its temperature dependence along with the density gradient scale length are adjusted to fit the density profiles obtained in the one-dimensional simulations. The effects of diffusive radiation transport are included through the nonlinear thermal conductivity (κ∼Tν). The growth rate is derived by using a boundary layer analysis for Fr(very-much-greater-than)1 (Fr is the Froude number) and a WKB approximation for Fr(very-much-less-than)1. The self-consistent Atwood number depends on the mode wavelength and the power law index for thermal conduction. The analytic growth rate and cutoff wave number are in good agreement with the numerical solutions for arbitrary ν(approximately-greater-than)1. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871664
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of a direct-drive ignition capsule designed for the National Ignition Facility : The 42nd annual meeting of the division of plasma physics of the American Physical Society and the 10th international congress on plasma physics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 2315-2322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This paper reviews the current direct-drive ignition capsule designed for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [M. D. Campbell and W. J. Hogan, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 41, B39 (1999)]. The ignition design consists of a cryogenic deuterium–tritium (DT) shell contained within a very thin CH shell. To maintain shell integrity during the implosion, the target is placed on an isentrope approximately three times that of Fermi-degenerate DT (α=3). One-dimensional studies show that the ignition design is robust. Two-dimensional simulations examine the effects on target performance due to laser imprint, power imbalance, and inner- and outer-target-surface roughness. Results from these studies indicate that the capsule gain can be scaled to the ice/vapor surface deformation at the end of the acceleration stage of the implosion. The physical reason for gain reduction as a function of increasing nonuniformities is examined. Simulations show that direct-drive target gains in excess of 30 can be achieved for an inner-ice-surface roughness of 1 μm rms, an on-target power imbalance of 2% rms, and by using the beam-smoothing technique SSD with 1 THz and two color cycles. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1350571
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-consistent cutoff wave number of the ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 3844-3851 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The cutoff wave number of the ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability is calculated self-consistently by including the effects of finite thermal conduction. The derived cutoff wave number is quite different from the one obtained with the incompressible fluid (∇⋅v˜=0) or sharp boundary models, and it is strongly dependent on thermal conductivity (K∼Tν) and the Froude number (Fr). The derivation is carried out for values of ν(approximately-greater-than)1, Fr(approximately-greater-than)1, and it is valid for some regimes of interest to direct and indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF). The analytic formula for the cutoff wave number is in excellent agreement with the numerical results of Kull [Phys. Fluids B 1, 170 (1989)]. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871083
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model of laser imprinting : The 41st annual meeting of the division of plasma physics of the american physical society (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 2062-2068 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Irradiation nonuniformities in direct-drive (DD) inertial confinement fusion experiments generate, or "imprint," surface modulations that degrade the symmetry of the implosion and reduce the target performance. To gain physical insight, an analytical model of imprint is developed. The model takes into account the hydrodynamic flow, the dynamics of the conduction zone, and the mass ablation. The important parameters are found to be the time scale for plasma atmosphere formation and the ablation velocity. The model is validated by comparisons to detailed two-dimensional (2D) hydrocode simulations. The results of the model and simulations are in good agreement with a series of planar-foil imprint experiments performed on the OMEGA laser system [T.R. Boehly, D.L. Brown, R.S. Craxton et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)]. Direct-drive National Ignition Facility's [J.A. Paisner, J.D. Boyes, S.A. Kumpan, W.H. Lowdermilk, and M.S. Sorem, Laser Focus World 30, 75 (1994)] cryogenic targets are shown to have gains larger than 10 when the rms laser-irradiation nonuniformity is reduced by 2D smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD) used in the current DD target designs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.874028
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