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  • 1
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    Imaging Synapse Structure and Function (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Development of new imaging technologies in recent years has transformed neuroscience in profound ways. Following on the heels of the revolution based on the Green Fluorescent Protein, refined genetically-encoded fluorescent reporters and genetic targeting strategies now enable optical recording of synaptic transmission in defined neuronal populations at speeds approaching the enviable temporal resolution of electrophysiology. Super-resolution light microscopy permits observation of synapses and their molecular machinery at sub-diffraction resolution. At the ultrastructural level, automated forms of electron microscopy, improvements in specimen fixation methods, and recent efforts to correlate data from light and electron micrographs now make the reconstruction of functional neural circuits a reality. Finally, the use of optogenetic actuators, such as channelrhodopsins, allows precise temporal and spatial manipulation of neuronal activity and is revealing profound insights into the organization of neural circuits and their roles in behavior. This research topic highlights recent advances in both light and electron microscopy, with a specific focus on approaches that combine innovations from several different fields to obtain novel information about synapse structure and function. We are confident that this collection of articles - three original research papers, six reviews, one methods paper and one perspective article - will enable neuroscientists to achieve the next generation of experiments aimed at cracking the neural code.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; connectomics ; super-resolution ; optogenetics ; Schizophrenia ; metabotropic glutamate receptors ; brain circuits ; functional imaging ; Electron microscopy ; calcium imaging ; Synaptic Transmission ; synaptic vesicle trafficking ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
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    Dopamine D2 receptor-mediated circuit from the central amygdala to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis regulates impulsive behavior [Neuroscience] (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-07
    Description: Impulsivity is closely associated with addictive disorders, and changes in the brain dopamine system have been proposed to affect impulse control in reward-related behaviors. However, the central neural pathways through which the dopamine system controls impulsive behavior are still unclear. We found that the absence of the D2 dopamine receptor...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 3
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    Serial processing of kinematic signals by cerebellar circuitry during voluntary whisking (2017)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-10
    Description: Serial processing of kinematic signals by cerebellar circuitry during voluntary whisking Nature Communications, Published online: 10 August 2017; doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00312-1 Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) linearly encode whisker position but the precise circuit mechanisms that generate these signals are not well understood. Here the authors use patch clamp recordings to show that selective tuning of granule cell inputs and bidirectional tuning of interneuron inputs are required to generate the kinematic representations in PCs.
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 4
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    Photolysis of a caged peptide reveals rapid action of N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor before neurotransmitter release (2008)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2007. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (2008): 347-352, doi:10.1073/pnas.0707197105.
    Description: The time at which the N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) acts during synaptic vesicle trafficking was identified by time-controlled perturbation of NSF function with a photo-activatable inhibitory peptide. Photolysis of this caged peptide in the squid giant presynaptic terminal caused an abrupt (0.2 s) slowing of the kinetics of the postsynaptic current (PSC) and a more gradual (2-3 s) reduction in PSC amplitude. Based on the rapid rate of these inhibitory effects relative to the speed of synaptic vesicle recycling, we conclude that NSF functions in reactions that immediately precede neurotransmitter release. Our results indicate the locus of SNARE protein recycling in presynaptic terminals and reveal a new target for rapid regulation of transmitter release.
    Description: T.K. was supported by a Grass Fellowship in Neuroscience, an HFSP long-term fellowship and the Feodor-Lynen Program of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Y.L. received a American Heart Association predoctoral fellowship. The research also was supported by NIH NS-21624.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 5
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    Next-generation transgenic mice for optogenetic analysis of neural circuits (2014)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Neural Circuits 7 (2013): 160, doi:10.3389/fncir.2013.00160.
    Description: Here we characterize several new lines of transgenic mice useful for optogenetic analysis of brain circuit function. These mice express optogenetic probes, such as enhanced halorhodopsin or several different versions of channelrhodopsins, behind various neuron-specific promoters. These mice permit photoinhibition or photostimulation both in vitro and in vivo. Our results also reveal the important influence of fluorescent tags on optogenetic probe expression and function in transgenic mice.
    Description: This work was supported by a CRP grant from the National Research Foundation of Singapore and by the World Class Institute (WCI )Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF )funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of Korea (MEST) (NRF Grant Number: WCI2009-003).
    Keywords: Optogenetics ; Channelrhodopsin ; Photostimulation ; Photoinhibition ; Cerebellum ; Cortex ; Hippocampus ; Pons
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 6
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    Defining a critical period for inhibitory circuits within the somatosensory cortex (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 7271, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-07400-8.
    Description: Although experience-dependent changes in brain inhibitory circuits are thought to play a key role during the “critical period” of brain development, the nature and timing of these changes are poorly understood. We examined the role of sensory experience in sculpting an inhibitory circuit in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of mice by using optogenetics to map the connections between parvalbumin (PV) expressing interneurons and layer 2/3 pyramidal cells. Unilateral whisker deprivation decreased the strength and spatial range of inhibitory input provided to pyramidal neurons by PV interneurons in layers 2/3, 4 and 5. By varying the time when sensory input was removed, we determined that the critical period closes around postnatal day 14. This yields the first precise time course of critical period plasticity for an inhibitory circuit.
    Description: This work was supported by a fellowship from NUS to SQL, A*STAR intramural funding for the Integrative Neuroscience Programme, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences for JCGS, and a Competitive Research Programme (CRP) grant from the National Research Foundation of Singapore (NRF Grant Number 2008 NRF-CRP 002-082).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Presynaptic nanodomains : a tale of two synapses (2015)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 8 (2015): 455, doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00455.
    Description: Here we summarize the evidence from two “giant” presynaptic terminals—the squid giant synapse and the mammalian calyx of Held—supporting the involvement of nanodomain calcium signals in triggering of neurotransmitter release. At the squid synapse, there are three main lines of experimental evidence for nanodomain signaling. First, changing the size of the unitary calcium channel current by altering external calcium concentration causes a non-linear change in transmitter release, while changing the number of open channels by broadening the presynaptic action potential causes a linear change in release. Second, low-affinity calcium indicators, calcium chelators, and uncaging of calcium all suggest that presynaptic calcium concentrations are as high as hundreds of micromolar, which is more compatible with a nanodomain type of calcium signal. Finally, neurotransmitter release is much less affected by the slow calcium chelator, ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), in comparison to the rapid chelator 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA). Similarly, as the calyx of Held synapse matures, EGTA becomes less effective in attenuating transmitter release while the number of calcium channels required to trigger a single fusion event declines. This suggests a developmental transformation of microdomain to nanodomain coupling between calcium channels and transmitter release. Calcium imaging and uncaging experiments, in combination with simulations of calcium diffusion, indicate the peak calcium concentration seen by presynaptic calcium sensors reaches at least tens of micromolar at the calyx of Held. Taken together, data from these provide a compelling argument that nanodomain calcium signaling gates very rapid transmitter release.
    Description: This work was supported by a CRP grant from the National Research Foundation of Singapore and by the World Class Institute (WCI) Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of Korea (MEST) (NRF Grant Number: WCI 2009-003) (to George J. Augustine), and by Operating Grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP-77610, MOP-81159, MOP-14692, VIH-105441) and Canada Research Chair (to Lu-Yang Wang).
    Keywords: Neurotransmitter release ; Calcium signaling ; Calcium channels ; Presynaptic terminals ; Synaptic vesicle trafficking
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Structural domains involved in the regulation of transmitter release by synapsins (2009)
    Society for Neuroscience
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Society for Neuroscience, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of Society for Neuroscience for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Neuroscience 25 (2005): 2658-2669, doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4278-04.2005.
    Description: Synapsins are a family of neuron-specific phosphoproteins that regulate neurotransmitter release by associating with synaptic vesicles. Synapsins consist of a series of conserved and variable structural domains of unknown function. We performed a systematic structure-function analysis of the various domains of synapsin by assessing the actions of synapsin fragments on neurotransmitter release, presynaptic ultrastructure, and the biochemical interactions of synapsin. Injecting a peptide derived from domain A into the squid giant presynaptic terminal inhibited neurotransmitter release in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. This peptide had no effect on vesicle pool size, synaptic depression, or transmitter release kinetics. In contrast, a peptide fragment from domain C reduced the number of synaptic vesicles in the periphery of the active zone and increased the rate and extent of synaptic depression. This peptide also slowed the kinetics of neurotransmitter release without affecting the number of docked vesicles. The domain C peptide, as well as another peptide from domain E that is known to have identical effects on vesicle pool size and release kinetics, both specifically interfered with the binding of synapsins to actin but not with the binding of synapsins to synaptic vesicles. This suggests that both peptides interfere with release by preventing interactions of synapsins with actin. Thus, interactions of domains C and E with the actin cytoskeleton may allow synapsins to perform two roles in regulating release, whereas domain A has an actin-independent function that regulates transmitter release in a phosphorylation-sensitive manner.
    Description: This work was supported by grants from The Fisher Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research (P.G., F.B.), National Institutes of Health Grants NS-21624 (G.J.A.) and MH39327 (P.G.), the Italian Ministry of Education (F.B.), Consorzio Italiano Biotecnologie (F.B.), and a Ramon y Cajal fellowship (S.H.).
    Keywords: Synapsin ; Release ; Regulation ; Neurotransmitter ; Actin ; Cytoskeleton ; Depression
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    All-optical mapping of barrel cortex circuits based on simultaneous voltage-sensitive dye imaging and channelrhodopsin-mediated photostimulation (2015)
    SPIE
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Neurophotonics 2 (2015): 021013, doi:10.1117/1.NPh.2.2.021013.
    Description: We describe an experimental approach that uses light to both control and detect neuronal activity in mouse barrel cortex slices: blue light patterned by a digital micromirror array system allowed us to photostimulate specific layers and columns, while a red-shifted voltage-sensitive dye was used to map out large-scale circuit activity. We demonstrate that such all-optical mapping can interrogate various circuits in somatosensory cortex by sequentially activating different layers and columns. Further, mapping in slices from whisker-deprived mice demonstrated that chronic sensory deprivation did not significantly alter feedforward inhibition driven by layer 5 pyramidal neurons. Further development of voltage-sensitive optical probes should allow this all-optical mapping approach to become an important and high-throughput tool for mapping circuit interactions in the brain.
    Description: This work was supported by the World Class Institute (WCI) program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of Korea (MEST) (NRF) Grant No. WCI 2009-003 and by the Competitive Research Programme (CRP) of NRF (Singapore) Grant No. NRF 2008 NRF-CRP 002-082.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Optogenetic visualization of presynaptic tonic inhibition of cerebellar parallel fibers (2016)
    Society for Neuroscience
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Journal of Neuroscience 36 (2016): 5709-5723, doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4366-15.2016.
    Description: Tonic inhibition was imaged in cerebellar granule cells of transgenic mice expressing the optogenetic chloride indicator, Clomeleon. Blockade of GABAA receptors substantially reduced chloride concentration in granule cells due to block of tonic inhibition. This indicates that tonic inhibition is a significant contributor to the resting chloride concentration of these cells. Tonic inhibition was observed not only in granule cell bodies, but also in their axons, the parallel fibers (PFs). This presynaptic tonic inhibition could be observed in slices both at room and physiological temperatures, as well as in vivo, and has many of the same properties as tonic inhibition measured in granule cell bodies. GABA application revealed that PFs possess at least two types of GABAA receptor: one high-affinity receptor that is activated by ambient GABA and causes a chloride influx that mediates tonic inhibition, and a second with a low affinity for GABA that causes a chloride efflux that excites PFs. Presynaptic tonic inhibition regulates glutamate release from PFs because GABAA receptor blockade enhanced both the frequency of spontaneous EPSCs and the amplitude of evoked EPSCs at the PF-Purkinje cell synapse. We conclude that tonic inhibition of PFs could play an important role in regulating information flow though cerebellar synaptic circuits. Such cross talk between phasic and tonic signaling could be a general mechanism for fine tuning of synaptic circuits.
    Description: This work was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grants, Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship, Klingenstein Fellowship Award in the Neuroscience, Beckman Young Investigator Award, World Class Institute program of the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology WCI 2009-003, National Research Foundation of Singapore CRP Grant, National Science Foundation Grant 1512826, and BRAIN Initiative MH106013.
    Description: 2016-11-25
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Chloride ; GABA ; Imaging ; Parallel fibers ; Tonic inhibition
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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