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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-03-23
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2020-02-18
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-02-28
    Description: This dataset collects the results of a series of experiments carried out on air-filled cracks injected into pigskin gelatin blocks between September 2019 and May 2020 at GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam (Germany). Such experiments were intended to simulate dike propagation in the upper crust, in settings where tectonic and surface unloading stress are dominant in determining the stress field within the medium. The gelatin blocks were laterally strained and rift-like excavations were moulded on their surfaces. These data include pictures of each experimental setup and video records of each injected crack, as well as tables collecting the measured arrival points of the cracks at the surface of the gelatin and relevant elastic and geometric parameters. The data publication is a Supplement to Mantiloni et al. (2020): "Stress inversion in a gelatin box: testing eruptive vent location forecasts with analog models" (Geophys. Res. Lett.), to which the reader is referred for further information.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: Assessing volcanic hazard in regions of distributed volcanism is challenging because of the uncertain location of future vents. A statistical‐mechanical strategy to forecast such locations was recently proposed: here we further develop and test it with analog models. We stress a gelatin block laterally and with surface excavations, and observe air‐filled crack trajectories. We use the observed surface arrivals to sample the distributions of parameters describing the stress state of the gelatin block, combining deterministic crack trajectory simulations with a Monte Carlo approach. While the individual stress parameters remain unconstrained, we effectively retrieve their ratio and successfully forecast the arrival points of subsequent cracks.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-05-27
    Description: In this dissertation, I describe the mechanisms involved in magmatic plumbing system establishment and evolution. Magmatic plumbing systems play a key role in determining volcanic activity style and recognizing its complexities can help in forecasting eruptions, especially within hazardous volcanic systems such as calderas. I explore the mechanisms of dike emplacement and intrusion geometry that shape magmatic plumbing systems beneath caldera-like topographies and how their characteristics relate to precursory activity of a volcanic eruption. For this purpose, I use scaled laboratory models to study the effect of stress field reorientation on a propagating dike induced by caldera topography. I construct these models by using solid gelatin to mimic the elastic properties of the earth's crust with a caldera on the surface. I inject water as the magma analog and track the evolution of the experiments through qualitative (geometry and stress evolution) and quantitative (displacement and strain computation) descriptions. The results show that a vertical dike deviates towards and outside of the caldera-like margin due to stress field reorientation beneath the caldera-like topography. The propagating intrusion forms a circumferential-eruptive dike when the caldera-like size is small, whereas a cone sheet develops beneath the large caldera-like topography. To corroborate the results obtained from the experimental models, this thesis also describes the results of a case study utilizing seismic monitoring data associated with the unrest period of the 2015 phreatic eruption of Lascar volcano. Lascar has a crater with a small-scale caldera-like topography and exhibited long-lasting anomalous evolution of the number of long-period (LP) events preceding the 2015 eruption. I apply seismic techniques to constrain the hypocentral locations of LP events and characterize their spatial distribution, obtaining an image of Lascar's plumbing system. I observe an agreement in shallow hypocentral locations obtained through four different seismic techniques; nevertheless, the cross-correlation technique provides the best results. These results depict a plumbing system with a narrow sub-vertical deep conduit and a shallow hydrothermal system, where most LP events are located. These two regions are connected through an intermediate region of path divergence, whose geometry and orientation likely is influenced by stress reorientation due to topographic effects of the caldera-like crater. Finally, in order to further enhance the interpretations of the previous case study, the seismic data was analyzed in tandem with a complementary multiparametric monitoring dataset. This complementary study confirms that the anomalous LP activity occurred as a sign of unrest in the preparatory phase of the phreatic eruption. In addition, I show how changes observed in other monitored parameters enabled to detect further signs of unrest in the shallow hydrothermal system. Overall, this study demonstrates that detecting complex geometric regions within plumbing systems beneath volcanoes is fundamental to produce an effective forecast of eruptions that from a first view seem to occur without any precursory activity. Furthermore, through the development of this research I show that combining methods that include both observations and models allows one to obtain a more precise interpretation of the volcanic processes.
    Description: In dieser Dissertation beschreibe ich die physikalischen Mechanismen, die maßgeblich an der Entstehung und Entwicklung von magmatischen Systemen beteiligt sind. Das magmatische System eines Vulkans spielt eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Bestimmung des vulkanischen Aktivitätsstils und die Erkennung seiner Komplexität kann bei der Vorhersage von Ausbrüchen helfen, insbesondere bei gefährlichen vulkanischen Systemen wie Calderas. Hier erforsche ich deshalb die Mechanismen der Platznahme von Eruptivgängen, sogenannten Dikes und die Geometrie der Intrusionen, welche die magmatischen Systeme unterhalb von Calderen formen, und beleuchte wie ihre Eigenschaften an der Vorläuferaktivität eines Vulkanausbruchs beteiligt sind. Zu diesem Zweck untersuche ich mit Hilfe von skalierten Labormodellen den Effekt, der durch die Caldera-Topographie induzierten Stressfeldneuausrichtung auf einen sich ausbreitenden Dike ausgeübt wird. Ich habe diese Modelle mit fester Gelatine durchgeführt, um die elastischen Eigenschaften der Erdkruste mit einer Caldera an der Oberfläche nachzuahmen. Ich injizierte Wasser als Magma-Analog und verfolgte die Entwicklung der Intrusion. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein vertikaler Dike aufgrund einer Umorientierung des oberflächennahen Spannungsfeldes unterhalb einer Caldera sowohl in Richtung, als auch nach außerhalb des Caldera-Randes abgelenkt wird. Die propagierende Intrusion bildet somit bei kleinen Calderen einen umlaufend eruptiven Dike, während sich unter großen Calderen bevorzugt sogenannte cone sheets bilden. Um die Ergebnisse aus den vorangegangenen experimentellen Modellen zu bestätigen, werden im Anschluß die Ergebnisse einer Fallstudie beschrieben, in welcher seismologische Monitoringdaten für den Zeitraum des Ausbruchs des Vulkans Lascar im Jahr 2015 herangezogen wurden. Lascar hat einen Krater mit einer kleinräumigen caldera-ähnlichen Topographie und zeigte vor dem phreatischen Ausbruch im Jahr 2015 eine lang anhaltende Periode anomaler Entwicklung bezüglich der Anzahl der täglich registrierten langperiodischen (LP) Erdbeben. Ich habe verschiedene seismische Techniken angewendet, um die Herdregionen (Hypozentren) dieser LP Erdbeben zu lokalisierenund ihre räumliche Verteilung zu charakterisieren, und somit ein Bild von Lascars magmatischen System zu erhalten. Ich beobachte eine Übereinstimmung in den flachen hypozentralen Positionen, die durch vier verschiedene seismische Techniken ermittelt wurden, allerdings lieferte die Kreuzkorrelationstechnik die besten Ergebnisse. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen ein magmatisches System mit einem schmalen tiefen subvertikalen Kanal und einem flachen hydrothermalen System, in dem sich die meisten LP-Ereignisse befinden. Diese beiden Bereiche sind durch einen Zwischenbereich der Pfaddivergenz miteinander verbunden, dessen Geometrie und Ausrichtung wahrscheinlich auf eine oberflächennahe Spannungsumorientierung aufgrund der topographischen Wirkung des caldera-ähnlichen Kraters zurückzuführen ist. Um die Interpretation der vorigen Fallstudie weiter zu vertiefen, habe ich die seismischen Daten in einer weiteren Studie zusammen mit einem ergänzenden multiparametrischen Überwachungsdatensatz analysiert, und wurde darin betstätigt, dass die anomale LP-Aktivität wahrscheinlich als Anzeichen für Unruhe in der Vorbereitungsphase der phreatischen Eruption gedeutet werden kann. Hier zeige ich u.a. auch, wie die Änderungen in den verschiedenen anderen überwachten Parametern weitere Anzeichen von Unruhe im flachen hydrothermalen System erkennen ließen. Insgesamt hat diese Studie gezeigt, wie grundlegend das Erkennen komplexer Geometrien des magmatischen Systems unter Vulkanen ist, um eine effektive Vorhersage von Eruptionen zu erstellen, die auf den ersten Blick ohne Vorläuferaktivität zu erfolgen scheinen. Darüber hinaus zeige ich durch die Entwicklung dieser Forschung, dass die Kombination von Methoden, die sowohl Beobachtungen als auch Modelle umfassen, eine genauere Interpretation der vulkanischen Prozesse ermöglicht.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2021-02-04
    Description: Small steam-driven volcanic explosions are common at volcanoes worldwide but are rarely documented or monitored; therefore, these events still put residents and tourists at risk every year. Steam-driven explosions also occur frequently (once every 2–5 years on average) at Lascar volcano, Chile, where they are often spontaneous and lack any identifiable precursor activity. Here, for the first time at Lascar, we describe the processes culminating in such a sudden volcanic explosion that occurred on 30 October 2015, which was thoroughly monitored by cameras, a seismic network, and gas and temperature sensors. Prior to the eruption, we retrospectively identified unrest manifesting as a gradual increase in the number of long-period (LP) seismic events in 2014, indicating an enhanced level of activity at the volcano. Additionally, sulfur dioxide (SO2) flux and thermal anomalies were detected before the eruption. Then, our weather station reported a precipitation event, followed by an increase in steaming and a sudden volcanic explosion at Lascar. The multidisciplinary data exhibited short-term variations associated with the explosion, including (1) an abrupt eruption onset that was seismically identified in the 1–10 Hz frequency band, (2) the detection of a 1.7 km high white-gray eruption column in camera images, and (3) a pronounced spike in SO2 emission rates reaching 55 kg s−1 during the main pulse of the eruption as measured by a mini-differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) scanner. Continuous carbon dioxide (CO2) and temperature measurements conducted at a fumarole on the southern rim of the Lascar crater revealed a pronounced change in the trend of the relationship between the CO2 mixing ratio and the gas outlet temperature; we speculate that this change was associated with the prior precipitation event. An increased thermal anomaly inside the active crater as observed in Sentinel-2 images and drone overflights performed after the steam-driven explosion revealed the presence of a ∼50 m long fracture truncating the floor of the active crater, which coincides well with the location of the thermal anomaly. This study presents the chronology of events culminating in a steam-driven explosion but also demonstrates that phreatic explosions are difficult to predict, even if the volcano is thoroughly monitored; these findings emphasize why ascending to the summits of Lascar and similar volcanoes is hazardous, particularly after considerable precipitation.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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