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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of Shrubs as Nurse Plants: A New Technique for Reforestation in Mediterranean Mountains (2002)
    Boston, MA, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Restoration ecology 10 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Common techniques currently used for afforestation in the Mediterranean basin consider the pre-existing vegetation (mainly shrubs) as a source of competition for trees, and consequently it is generally eliminated before planting. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that woody plants can facilitate the establishment of understory seedlings in environments that, like the Mediterranean area, are characterized by a pronounced dry season. In this study, we experimentally analyze the usefulness of shrubs as nurse plants for afforestation of two native conifers, Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) and Pinus nigra Arnold (black pine). Two-year-old seedlings were planted in four microhabitats: (1) open interspaces without vegetation (which is the usual method used in afforestation programs), (2) under individuals of Salvia lavandulifolia, (3) under the north side of spiny shrubs, and (4) under the south side of spiny shrubs. Pine survival was remarkably higher when planted under individuals of the shrub S. lavandulifolia (54.8% for Scots pine, 81.9% for black pine) compared with open areas (21.5% for Scots pine, 56.8% for black pine; chi square, p 〈 0.05). The survival of both pines was also higher when planted on the north side of spiny shrubs, although the survival on the south side was similar to that found in open areas. In addition, pine growth was not inhibited when planted in association with shrubs. This pattern appears to result from the combination of abiotic conditions imposed by the presence of a nurse shrub, which leads to improvement in seedling water status and therefore reduced summer mortality by drought. The results show that the use of shrubs as nurse plants is a technique that offers both economic and ecological advantages, in terms of savings in labor and plant material and reduced and even negligible impact on the pre-existing vegetation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01022.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benefits of Using Shrubs as Nurse Plants for Reforestation in Mediterranean Mountains: A 4-Year Study (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Restoration ecology 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Shrubs are commonly considered competitors of planted seedlings in reforestation programs. However, shrubs can facilitate the establishment of understory seedlings in environments that, like Mediterranean-type ecosystems, are characterized by harsh environmental conditions. In 1997, an experiment was set up in the Sierra Nevada mountains (southeast Spain) to test the use of shrubs as nurse plants for an alternative reforestation technique. Two-year-old seedlings of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra were planted in four microhabitats: (1) open interspaces without vegetation (which is the usual method employed in reforestation programs), (2) under individuals of the shrub Salvia lavandulifolia, (3) under the north side of spiny shrubs, and (4) under the south side of spiny shrubs. Seedlings were also distributed in plots with and without ungulates to test the effect of herbivore damage. We report here the results of survival and growth after four growing seasons, a time span long enough to draw robust conclusions concerning the suitability of this technique. Pine survival was remarkably higher when planted under individuals of S. lavandulifolia as compared with open areas (2.6 times for P. sylvestris and 1.8 for P. nigra). The survival of both pine species was also higher when planted on the north side of spiny shrubs, while mortality on the south side was similar to that found in open areas. The reduction of solar radiation by the canopy of shrubs was likely the main factor determining shrub facilitation. The growth of the pines differed among years. However, growth was not inhibited when planted with shrubs as compared with open areas in any of the years. Herbivore damage was low but was mostly concentrated in the leader shoot, exacerbating the deleterious effect of ungulate herbivores on pine growth. We conclude that the use of shrubs as nurse plants for reforestation is a viable technique to increase establishment success of reforestation in Mediterranean-type ecosystems and that it might be similarly useful in other water-stressed environments. In addition, this technique offers the advantage of following natural succession, thus minimizing the impact in the community.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.0316.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    hns mutant unveils the presence of a latent haemolytic activity in Escherichia coli K-12 (1996)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.443955.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of DNA topology by flaR, a new gene from Listeria monocytogenes (1995)
    Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0EL, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 18 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We report the identification of a previously unknown Listeria monocytogenes gene, flaR, which modulates DNA topology. Through the analysis of a Tn917 nonmotile mutant, LOSC1, in which production of flagellin was abolished, we have identified a bacterial component involved in gene regulation. The transposon had inserted in flaR, an open reading frame of 531 bp, followed by a second open reading frame of 1252 bp in reverse orientation. On the L. monocytogenes physical map, flaR was located in a different region from that of the flaA gene encoding flagellin. Transcriptional analysis showed that the flaR gene product affects the flaA expression and negatively regulates its own expression. When expressed in Escherichia coli, flaR encodes a protein of 18 kDa (FlaR) whose transcription is osmoregulated. In addition, FlaR also influences the expression of reporter genes containing supercoiling-sensitive promoters such as proU or ompC. The data presented here suggest that FlaR is a histone-like bacterial protein which acts at specific sites to influence DNA topology and, therefore, transcription. flaR is the first gene of this class to be described in Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.18050801.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro plasmid-encoded resistance to quinolones (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 154 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The possibility of plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance is explored in two model systems. In the first, increasing amounts of wild-type gyrA allele moderately increased minimum inhibitory concentrations to quinolone antibiotics. In the second model, a mutant gyrA allele encoded by a multicopy plasmid produced a quinolone resistance phenotype upon its expression in a quinolone-susceptible Escherichia coli strain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb12655.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of a carnivorous plant to prey and inorganic nutrients in a Mediterranean environment (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 111 (1997), S. 443-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Prey dependence ; Fertilizing ; Fitness responses ; Mediterranean carnivorous plants ; Pinguicula vallisneriifolia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have analysed the effect of prey and fertilization by inorganic nutrients on the survival, growth, reproduction (sexual and vegetative) and mucilage secretion of Pinguicula vallisneriifolia (Lentibulariaceae), a carnivorous plant inhabiting rocky substrates of southern Spain. We tested the hypothesis that carnivorous plants are more prey dependent when root access to nutrients is strongly limited by (1) analysing the importance of the carnivorous habit to the fitness of P. vallisneriifolia in its natural rocky habitat, and (2) determining whether the effect of trapped prey varies with soil nutrient levels. Our 2-year experimental results indicated prey to be limiting to P. vallisneriifolia growth on its natural rocky substrate. Animal food supply substantially increased the chance of survival, growth, vegetative propagation, sexual reproductive success and mucilage secretion. The differences between prey levels were more evident at the end of the experiment when all the surviving Prey-exclusion plants had lost weight, and the probability of sexual reproduction and of vegetative propagation by axillary buds had accordingly diminished. Furthermore, there were clear benefits from carnivory at the population level, since both the expected individual life span and the lifetime vegetative and sexual output correlated positively with the quantity of prey trapped. Application of insects to non-fertilized plants stimulated growth, but similar application to fertilized plants grown on a complete nutrient solution failed to enhance growth. There was no obvious benefit from the provision of a balanced mineral nutrient solution (alone or with prey). The greatest absolute growth and sexual and vegetative output resulted from providing a surplus of insects to plants on their natural rocky substrate. The strong dependence of P. vallisneriifolia on prey can therefore be considered a useful preadaptation enabling colonization of rocky substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050257
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seed predation and dispersal in relict Scots pine forests in southern Spain (1999)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 145 (1999), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Mediterranean high mountain ; Pinus sylvestris nevadensis ; Relict population ; Seed ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract For two years, the seed rain and magnitude of seed losses due to predation were evaluated in Scots pine forests in southern Spain. The Crossbill was the most important pre-dispersal predator, consuming more than 80% of ripening seeds. In addition, other birds, mainly Tits and Siskin, also consumed seeds just before seed dispersal, reaching values of 16 and 51% losses in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Seed rain was monitored in different microhabitats (under pine canopies, under shrubs and in open areas), and was most intense under the canopy of mother plants both years. Post-dispersal seed predators (rodents and birds) consumed up to 96% of seeds reaching the ground. Both pre- and post-dispersal seed predators preferentially harvested filled seeds. Post-dispersal predation was similarly intense in all microhabitats, so predators did not change the spatial distribution of the seed rain. These high predation rates were constant between years, localities and habitats (woodland and treeline). We hypothesize that this high rate of seed predation is a major factor limiting the regeneration of these relict populations of Scots pine in its southernmost limit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009865703906
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  • 8
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    Chapter Using diver-operated stereo-video to monitor juvenile fish assemblages in Mediterranean coastal habitats formed by macrophytes (2023)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Littoral systems with macrophytes are nursery areas for fish. We aim to develop a combination of stereo-video and habitat mapping methods for studying fish recruitment at various temporal and spatial scales. Some benefits are: videos are permanent and data can be used for developments of artificial intelligence. There are also disadvantages: cameras have a limited field of view and video processing is time-consuming. Introducing this methodology is of great importance to assess changes in the habitat structure and the ecosystem functions provided for the fish community.
    Keywords: Habitat complexity ; Recruitment ; Stereo-video ; Nursery ; Coastal ecosystems ; Ecosystem services ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment
    Language: English
    Format: image/jpeg
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    E-BOOK
  • 9
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    Mutations in EID1 and LNK2 caused light-conditional clock deceleration during tomato domestication (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-22
    Description: Circadian period and phase of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) were changed during domestication, likely adapting the species to its new agricultural environments. Whereas the delayed circadian phase is mainly caused by allelic variation of EID1, the genetic basis of the long circadian period has remained elusive. Here we show that a partial deletion of the clock gene LNK2 is responsible for the period lengthening in cultivated tomatoes. We use resequencing data to phylogenetically classify hundreds of tomato accessions and investigate the evolution of the eid1 and lnk2 mutations along successive domestication steps. We reveal signatures of selection across the genomic region of LNK2 and different patterns of fixation of the mutant alleles. Strikingly, LNK2 and EID1 are both involved in light input to the circadian clock, indicating that domestication specifically targeted this input pathway. In line with this, we show that the clock deceleration in the cultivated tomato is light-dependent and requires the phytochrome B1 photoreceptor. Such conditional variation in circadian rhythms may be key for latitudinal adaptation in a variety of species, including crop plants and livestock.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    ENOregulates tomato fruit size through the floral meristem development network (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-16
    Description: A dramatic evolution of fruit size has accompanied the domestication and improvement of fruit-bearing crop species. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), naturally occurring cis-regulatory mutations in the genes of the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL signaling pathway have led to a significant increase in fruit size generating enlarged meristems that lead to flowers with extra organs and bigger fruits. In this work, by combining mapping-by-sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing methods, we isolatedEXCESSIVE NUMBER OF FLORAL ORGANS(ENO), an AP2/ERF transcription factor which regulates floral meristem activity. Thus, theENOgene mutation gives rise to plants that yield larger multilocular fruits due to an increased size of the floral meristem. Genetic analyses indicate thatenoexhibits synergistic effects with mutations at theLOCULE NUMBER(encodingSlWUS) andFASCIATED(encodingSlCLV3) loci, two central players in the evolution of fruit size in the domestication of cultivated tomatoes. Our findings reveal that anenomutation causes a substantial expansion ofSlWUSexpression domains in a flower-specific manner. In vitro binding results show that ENO is able to interact with the GGC-box cis-regulatory element within theSlWUSpromoter region, suggesting that ENO directly regulatesSlWUSexpression domains to maintain floral stem-cell homeostasis. Furthermore, the study of natural allelic variation of theENOlocus proved that a cis-regulatory mutation in the promoter ofENOhad been targeted by positive selection during the domestication process, setting up the background for significant increases in fruit locule number and fruit size in modern tomatoes.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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