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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preferential phosphorus leaching from an irrigated grassland soil (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 56 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Intact lysimeters (50 cm diameter, 70 cm deep) of silt loam soil under permanent grassland were used to investigate preferential transport of phosphorus (P) by leaching immediately after application of dairy effluent. Four treatments that received mineral P fertilizer alone (superphosphate at 45 kg P ha−1 year−1) or in combination with effluent (at ∼ 40–80 kg P ha−1 year−1) over 2 years were monitored. Losses of total P from the combined P fertilizer and effluent treatments were 1.6–2.3 kg ha−1 (60% of overall loss) during eight drainage events following effluent application. The rest of the P lost (40% of overall loss) occurred during 43 drainage events following a significant rainfall or irrigation compared with 0.30 kg ha−1 from mineral P fertilizer alone. Reactive forms of P (mainly dissolved reactive P: 38–76%) were the dominant fractions in effluent compared with unreactive P forms (mainly particulate unreactive P: 15–56%). In contrast, in leachate following effluent application, particulate unreactive P was the major fraction (71–79%) compared with dissolved reactive P (1–7%). The results were corroborated by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, which showed that inorganic orthophosphate was the predominant P fraction present in the effluent (86%), while orthophosphate monoesters and diesters together comprised up to 88% of P in leachate. This shows that unreactive P forms were selectively transported through soil because of their greater mobility as monoesters (labile monoester P and inositol hexakisphosphate) and diesters. The short-term strategies for reducing loss of P after application of dairy effluent application should involve increasing the residence time of applied effluent in the soil profile. This can be achieved by applying effluent frequently in small amounts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00656.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isotope techniques to study phosphorus cycling in agricultural and forest soils: a review (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phosphorus ; Isotope techniques ; Forest ; P immobilization ; Soil-plant system ; Root activity ; Nutrient cycling ; Organic P sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A sound understanding of nutrient dynamics in ecosystems is required in order to manage these systems on a sustainable basis. A valuable approach to studying phosphorus (P) dynamics in soil-plant systems has been the use of P isotope techniques. Isotope techniques used for studying P cycling in agricultural and forest soils are reviewed in this paper with particular reference to advances made in the past 15 years. A brief discussion of the properties of P isotopes and their measurements is included together with techniques for measuring exchangeable P in the soil, dissolution and decomposition rates of inorganic and organic P sources applied to the soil, rates of organic P immobilization and mineralization, rates of P release and retention in the soil, root activity and litter decomposition rates in forest soils, and gene probing and hybridization. Basic principles, assumptions, procedures, limitations and merits of methods are discussed. These techniques have served as or have the potential to be valuable tools for advancing our understanding of P dynamics in soil-plant systems, and for studying the molecular characteristics of microbial communities in relation to the cycling of nutrients in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420213
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isotope techniques to study phosphorus cycling in agricultural and forest soils: a review (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Phosphorus ; Isotope techniques ; Forest P immobilization ; Soil-plant system ; Root activity Nutrient cycling ; Organic P sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A sound understanding of nutrient dynamics in ecosystems is required in order to manage these systems on a sustainable basis. A valuable approach to studying phosphorus (P) dynamics in soil-plant systems has been the use of P isotope techniques. Isotope techniques used for studying P cycling in agricultural and forest soils are reviewed in this paper with particular reference to advances made in the part 15 years. A brief discussion of the properties of P isotopes and their measurements is included together with techniques for measuring exchangeable P in the soil, dissolution and decomposition rates of inorganic and organic P sources applied to the soil, rates of organic P immobilization and mineralization, rates of P release and retention in the soil, root activity and lifter decomposition rates in forest soils, and gene probing and hybridization. Basic principles, assumptions, procedures, limitations and merits of methods are discussed. These techniques have served as or have the potential to be valuable tools for advancing our understanding of P dynamics in soil-plant systems, and for studying the molecular characteristics of microbial communities in relation to the cycling of nutrients in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420213
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gross nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates and their relationships to enzyme activities and the soil microbial biomass in soils treated with dairy shed effluent and ammonium fertilizer at different water potentials (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 178-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Dairy shed effluent ; Enzymes ; Nitrogen fertilizer ; Microbial biomass ; Gross mineralization rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Gross N mineralization and nitrification rates and their relationships to microbial biomass C and N and enzyme (protease, deaminase and urease) activities were determined in soils treated with dairy shed effluent (DSE) or NH4 + fertilizer (NH4Cl) at a rate equivalent to 200 kg N ha–1 at three water potentials (0, –10 and –80 kPa) at 20  °C using a closed incubation technique. After 8, 16, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days of incubation, sub-samples of soil were removed to determine gross N mineralization and nitrification rates, enzyme activities, microbial biomass C and N, and NH4 + and NO3 – concentrations. The addition of DSE to the soil resulted in significantly higher gross N mineralization rates (7.0–1.7 μg N g–1 soil day–1) than in the control (3.8–1.2 μg N g–1 soil day–1), particularly during the first 16 days of incubation. This increase in gross mineralization rate occurred because of the presence of readily mineralizable organic substrates with low C : N ratios, and stimulated soil microbial and enzymatic activities by the organic C and nutrients in the DSE. The addition of NH4Cl did not increase the gross N mineralization rate, probably because of the lack of readily available organic C and/or a possible adverse effect of the high NH4 + concentration on microbial activity. However, nitrification rates were highest in the NH4Cl-treated soil, followed by DSE-treated soil and then the control. Soil microbial biomass, protease, deaminase and urease activities were significantly increased immediately after the addition of DSE and then declined gradually with time. The increased soil microbial biomass was probably due to the increased available C substrate and nutrients stimulating soil microbial growth, and this in turn resulted in higher enzyme activities. NH4Cl had a minimal impact on the soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities, possibly because of the lack of readily available C substrates. The optimum soil water potential for gross N mineralization and nitrification rates, microbial and enzyme activities was –10 kPa compared with –80 kPa and 0 kPa. Gross N mineralization rates were positively correlated with soil microbial biomass N and protease and urease activities in the DSE-treated soil, but no such correlations were found in the NH4Cl-treated soil. The enzyme activities were also positively correlated with each other and with soil microbial biomass C and N. The forms of N and the different water potentials had a significant effect on the correlation coefficients. Stepwise regression analysis showed that protease was the variable that most frequently accounted for the variations of gross N mineralization rate when included in the equation, and has the potential to be used as one of the predictors for N mineralization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050542
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of methods for studying the dissolution of phosphate fertilizers of differing solubility in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 11-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: chemical extraction ; monocalcium phosphate ; partially acidulated phosphate rock ; phosphate dissolution ; phosphate rock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dissolution of three phosphate fertilizers, ground (〈150µm) North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR), NCPR 30% acidulated with phosphoric acid (NCPAPR), and monocalcium phosphate (MCP) were studied using six chemical extraction methods, 0.5M NaOH followed by 1M HCl extractable P, 0.5M BaCl2 (buffered at pH = 8.1 with triethanolamine, BaCl2/TEA) extractable Ca, Olsen P, Bray I P and water extractable P. Two soils were used, Tekapo fine sandy loam and Craigieburn silt loam. Extractions were made after the fertilizers were incubated with the soils at the rates of 75,150 and 750µg P g−1 soil for 1, 8, 24, 51 and 111 days. Percentage dissolution of the PR-containing fertilizers was found to differ significantly between the extractants, 0.5M NaOH, 1M HCl and 0.5M BaCl2/TEA. These differences in estimated dissolution rates between methods were attributed to differences in the recovery rates of P or Ca between methods, which depended on the type of the extractant, soil P-retention capacity or Ca-saturation, and on the fertilizer application rate. No one method was found to be clearly better than others in studying PR dissolution in soils. The 0.5M NaOH extractable P was poorly related to water extractable P (R2 = 0.55 and 0.13 in Tekapo and Craigieburn soils respectively), Olsen P (R2 = 0.88 and 0.78) and Bray I P (R2= 0.88 and 0.78). The average rates of PR dissolution measured by the isotopic method (Fin) were higher than those measured by 0.5M NaOH, 1M HCl and 0.5M BaCl2/TEA methods for the periods of 1–50 and 50–111 days of soil-fertilizer contact. The descrepancy was attributed to a plant effect on PR dissolution and to a recycling effect of fertilizer P (i.e. fertilizer P which had been transformed to slowly exchangeable forms, during incubation, fluxing back to exchangeable P pool, during the labelling trial) both accounted for by Fin values but not by extraction-derived values. The changes of water extractable P, Bray I P and Olsen P with incubation time were in agreement with those predicted by Fin and Fout values. This suggests that Fin and Fout are two important parameters indicating the rates of phosphate release to and retention from plant available P pool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750058
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of methods for studying the dissolution of phosphate fertilizers of differing solubility in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 19-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: chemical extraction ; isotopic exchange ; monocalcium phosphate ; partially acidulated phosphate rock ; phosphate dissolution ; phosphate rock ; plant response ; RAE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Relationships between plant response and rates of dissolution of ground (〈 150µm) North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR), NCPR 30% acidulated with phosphoric acid (NCPAPR) and monocalcium phosphate (MCP) were assessed in pot experiments. The three fertilizers were incubated for 1, 50 and 111 days, at the rates of 75, 150 and 750µg P g−1 soil, using two soils with different P-retention capacity. After each period of incubation, four pots were set up from each treatment, and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was grown in a growth chamber for about six weeks to assess the agronomic effectiveness of the fertilizers. Results in dry matter yield and P uptake showed that immediately following application (1 day incubation), the MCP (solution) was supplying more P to plants than either the NCPR or the NCPAPR applied at the same rate. After 50 and 111 days of incubation, the NCPR and NCPAPR were just as effective in the lower P-retention Tekapo soil. The relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of the NCPR and NCPAPR compared with MCP was generally poorer in the higher P-retention Craigieburn soil than in the Tekapo soil shortly after application, but improved with time of incubation. Ryegrass responses to the application of the three fertilizers corresponded to the changing trends of exchangeable P in the soils, measured by the isotopic method. Regressions were made between plant P uptake and indices describing the intensity factor (water extractable P), quantity factor (Bray I P, Olsen P, 0.5M NaOH extractable P and isotopic exchangeable P) and the kinetic factor (Fin) of soil P supply to plants in the Tekapo soil. The percentage of variation in plant P uptake explained by individual indices was generally less than 80%, no matter which of the three single variable models, the Mitscherlich, the quadratic or the power function was fitted. However, more than 96% of the variation in plant P uptake in the Tekapo soil could be explained by the power function models involving two variables. The rate of P dissolution (Fin) determined by the isotopic dilution method was included in all the two variable models. The results suggest that assessment of soil P supply to plants should consider the kinetic factor in addition to the intensity and quantity factors, particularly where P fertilizers with differing solubility are applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750059
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of methods for studying the dissolution of phosphate fertilizers of differing solubility in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: isotopic exchange ; monocalcium phosphate ; 32P ; partially acidulated phosphate rock ; phosphate release ; phosphate retention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An isotopic exchange method, based on tracer kinetic theory, was used to study the dissolution (Fin) and retention (Fout) of Phosphate (P) fertilizers in the soil. This method involves labelling of the soil with carrier-free32P-phosphate ions, and monitoring changes with time of specific activity of isotopically exchangeable phosphate in the soil as extracted by plants, and of the amounts of readily exchangeable P. To assess this method, experiments were carried out to determine the rates of release and retention of phosphate from three fertilizers, monocalcium phosphate (MCP), ground North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR 〈 150µm), and 30% acidulated (with phosphoric acid) NCPR (NCPAPR), in two soils, Tekapo fine sandy loam and Craigieburn silt loam. MCP was applied at 75 and 150µg g−1 soil; NCPR was applied at 150 and 750µg g−1 soil; and NCPAPR was applied at 150µg g−1 soil. After 1, 50 and 111 days of incubation, the treated soil samples were labelled with carrier-free32P-phosphate ions, and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was grown to sample specific activity in these samples. Results showed that the changing patterns of exchangeable P in the soils as affected by fertilizer solubility and application rate could be clearly explained by the values of Fin and Fout. With increasing period of soil-fertilizer contact, the P added in the form of MCP solution was rapidly transformed into non-exchangeable forms (high Fout value). Exchangeable P in the NCPR and NCPAPR treated soils were maintained at steady concentrations for extended periods due to the continued release of P from the fertilizer material (steady Fin) and lower rates of P retention by the soil (smaller Fout). The dissolution rate of NCPR at the lower application rate was smaller in absolute terms, but greater in relative terms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750057
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of partial acidulation on chemical and mineralogical characteristics of residual phosphate rocks (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: apatite cell dimensions ; chemical characteristics ; chemical solubility ; partial acidulation ; phosphate rock ; residual phosphate rock ; X-ray diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Original phosphate rocks (PR) and water insoluble residues (WIR) from mixtures of reactive PRs and single superphosphate, known commercially as longlife single superphosphate (LLSSP), and from partially acidulated PRs (PAPR), were compared in terms of their elemental content, chemical reactivity as indicated by the apatite unit cell ‘a’ dimension and solubility. Phosphate rock reactivity is known to be inversely related to the ‘a’ dimension. Partial acidulation (20%) with commercial grade phosphoric acid resulted in an increase in aluminium (Al), iron (Fe) and fluoride (F) concentrations in the WIRs. The apatite ‘a’ dimensions of WIRs from LLSSPs were greater than those of the respective original North Carolina (NC), Khouribga (KR), Jordan (JR), Sechura (SE) and Arad (AR) PRs added to single superphosphate (SSP), made from Nauru PR (NR)) to produce the LLSSPs. This was attributed to the presence of the less reactive NR in the WIRs left-over from the SSP. Partial acidulation with phosphoric acid increased the apatite ‘a’ dimensions of NC and ElHassa (EH) PRs. The increase in apatite ‘a’ dimension of NC and EH was probably due to selective dissolution of a more reactive fraction of the PRs during partial acidulation. Changes in the apatite ‘a’ dimension following partial acidulation with phosphoric acid were not significant for the other PRs studied, e.g. Gafsa (GF), KR and AR, although differential X-ray diffractograms (DXRD) indicated that the material dissolved during partial acidulation was more reactive than the WIRs and the original PRs. The apatite ‘a’ dimension of NC PR was not affected by pretreatment with 2% or 4% citric acid (CTA). The contrasting response in ‘a’ of NC PR to acidulation with phosphoric and citric acids may be related to differences in the strength of these acids, and/or to the differing environments under which the reactions took place. The 2% CTA and formic acid (FMA) solubilities of the WIRs from LLSSPs and PAPRs were markedly lower than those of the original PRs. This reduction in solubility of PRs following partial acidulation was probably related to changes in mineralogical and chemical composition of the WIRs as indicated by the increases in apatite ‘a’ dimension of some residual PRs and shifts in peak positions in DXRD, to increases in the concentrations of Fe, Al and F compounds, and to coating effects of PR particles by Fe, Al and F compounds. This, in turn, may reduce the agronomic value of the residual PR component of PAPR and LLSSP fertilizers, particularly over the short-term. The solubility of residual PRs following pretreatment with 2% or 4% CTA was slightly lower than that of the original PRs. The pretreatment caused no significant change in the apatite ‘a’ dimension of NC PR. The complexing effects of CTA and its lack of Fe and Al impurities may have prevented the formation of Fe, Al and F compounds. The effect of citric acid on PR reactivity is thus quite different from that of the mineral acids used to prepare LLSSPs and PAPRs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750245
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  • 9
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    Modeling the Probabilities of Groundwater Contamination by Pesticides (1997)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0361-5995
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0661
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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    Phosphorus Exchangeability and Leaching Losses from Two Grassland Soils (2002)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0047-2425
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-2537
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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