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  • 1
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    Caffeine in floral nectar enhances a pollinator's memory of reward (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-09
    Description: Plant defense compounds occur in floral nectar, but their ecological role is not well understood. We provide evidence that plant compounds pharmacologically alter pollinator behavior by enhancing their memory of reward. Honeybees rewarded with caffeine, which occurs naturally in nectar of Coffea and Citrus species, were three times as likely to remember a learned floral scent as were honeybees rewarded with sucrose alone. Caffeine potentiated responses of mushroom body neurons involved in olfactory learning and memory by acting as an adenosine receptor antagonist. Caffeine concentrations in nectar did not exceed the bees' bitter taste threshold, implying that pollinators impose selection for nectar that is pharmacologically active but not repellent. By using a drug to enhance memories of reward, plants secure pollinator fidelity and improve reproductive success.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4521368/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4521368/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wright, G A -- Baker, D D -- Palmer, M J -- Stabler, D -- Mustard, J A -- Power, E F -- Borland, A M -- Stevenson, P C -- 094894/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/1000313/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/I000968/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 8;339(6124):1202-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1228806.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK. jeri.wright@ncl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23471406" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bees/*drug effects/physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; Caffeine/analysis/*pharmacology ; Citrus/chemistry/*physiology ; Coffea/chemistry/*physiology ; Flowers/chemistry/physiology ; Memory/*drug effects ; Mushroom Bodies/drug effects/physiology ; Plant Nectar/chemistry/*physiology ; Pollination/*drug effects/physiology ; Reward ; Taste/drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative study of chemoattractants for the isolation of motile-spored actinoplanetes (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1995), S. 131-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: chemotaxis ; chemoattractants ; actinoplanetes ; isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Four chemoattractants and three media were used to isolate actinomycetes from environmental samples. Each chemoattractant was evaluated for its ability to attract motile-spored actinoplanetes. The attractants compared were γ-collidine,d-xylose, vanillin and phosphate-buffered potassium chloride (bKCl). The method of Hayakawaet al for preparing the chemoattractants was combined with a modified chemotactic method. Of the chemoattractants tested, γ-collidine yielded a slightly greater number of motile-spored actinoplanetes than bKCl ord-xylose, and a significantly greater number than vanillin. bKCl attracted about the same number of organisms asd-xylose. By using several attractants and media with a variety of soils, distinctly different isolates were obtained with each combination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569813
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nodulation of actinorhizal plants byFrankia strains capable of both root hair infection and intercellular penetration (1986)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 131 (1986), S. 82-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Elaeagnus ; Frankia ; Infection processes ; Myrica ; Nodule development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A morphological analysis of the initiation and development of root nodules ofElaeagnus angustifolia andMyrica cerifera inoculated with pure-culturedFrankia strains DDB 011610 or DDB 020110 was undertaken. From ultrastructural observations it was determined that both of theseFrankia strains can infectElaeagnus by an intercellular penetration mechanism andMyrica by the root hair infection mechanism. This indicates that both of these strains have the ability to infect host plant roots by either of two mechanisms. The reverse, thatElaeagnus orMyrica could be infected by both mechanisms, was not observed. The infection and nodule development processes of these two plants in combination with these strains were similar to observations made in previous studies (Miller andBaker 1985,Torrey andCallaham 1979). However, one exception was identified in the development of the prenodule ofMyrica when infected with strain 011610, in that endophytic hyphae developed vesicles within the cells of the prenodule. This event has not been described before for any of the actinorhizal genera and may be an indication of less than optimal compatibility between the host plant and the symbiont.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01281689
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of combined nitrogen level andEucalyptus competition on dinitrogen fixation in nodulatedCasuarina (1994)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 183 (1994), S. 24-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Casuarina ; Dinitrogen fixation ; Nitrate inhibition ; Actinorhizal ; Nutrient competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Experiments were conducted to determine the effect on biological dinitrogen fixation byCasuarina of available nitrogen (N) in the substrate and competition by interplantedEucalyptus. In these experiments, combined N was applied to the plants after nodules were developed and functioning. Both environmental factors, nitrate and competition, were observed to influence biological dinitrogen fixation byCasuarina, but not yield (total dry weight). In one experiment, the proportion of nitrogen derived byCasuarina from atmospheric fixation (pNdfa) was observed to be inhibited by potassium nitrate in a linear fashion. However, substrate N did not significantly affect the weight of root nodules. Thus nodule dry weight was not highly correlated with the proportion of nitrogen fixed. In a second experiment, the presence of a non-fixing interplanted species,Eucalyptus, increased dinitrogen fixation inCasuarina.Casuarina interplanted withEucalyptus obtained a greater proportion of its nitrogen (94.75%) from fixation than didCasuarina grown alone (86.68%) suggesting that competition for substrate N influences the proportion of nitrogen fixed by this actinorhizal plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276809
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The initiation, development and structure of root nodules inElaeagnus angustifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae) (1985)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 128 (1985), S. 107-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Actinorhizal root nodules ; Development ; N2 fixation ; Elaeagnus ; Frankia ; Symbiosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A correlated light and electron microscopic study was undertaken of the initiation and development of root nodules of the actinorhizal tree species,Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae). Two pure culturedFrankia strains were used for inoculation of plants in either standing water culture or axenic tube cultures. Unlike the well known root hair infection of other actinorhizal genera such asAlnus orMyrica the mode of infection ofElaeagnus in all cases was by direct intercellular penetration of the epidermis and apoplastic colonization of the root cortex. Root hairs were not involved in this process and were not observed to be deformed or curled in the presence of the actinomyceteFrankia. In response to the invasion of the root, host cells secreted a darkly staining material into the intercellular spaces. The colonizingFrankia grew through this material probably by enzymatic digestion as suggested by clear dissolution zones around the hyphal strands. A nodule primordium was initiated from the root pericycle, well in advance of the colonizingFrankia. No random division of root cortical cells, indicative of prenodule formation was observed inElaeagnus. As the nodule primordium grew in size it was surrounded by tanninised cells of a protoperiderm. The endophyte easily traversed this protoperiderm, and once inside the nodule primordium cortex ramified within the intercellular spaces at multiple cell junctions. Invasion of the nodule cortical cells occurred when a hyphal branch of the endophyte was initiated and grew through the plant cell wall, again by apparent enzymatic digestion. The plant cell plasmalemma of invaded cells always remained intact and numerous secretory vesicles fused with it to encapsulate the advancingFrankia within a fibrous cell wall-like material. Once within the host cell some endophyte cells began to differentiate into characteristic vesicles which are the presumed site of nitrogen fixation. This study clearly demonstrates that alternative developmental pathways exist for the development of actinorhizal nitrogen-fixing root symbioses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276333
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  • 6
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    Protein Nanocontainers from Nonviral Origin: Testing the Mechanics of Artificial and Natural Protein Cages by AFM (2016)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-18
    Description: The Journal of Physical Chemistry B DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b01464
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5207
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by American Chemical Society (ACS)
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  • 7
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    A novel protocol for resolving feldspar crystals in synchrotron X-ray microtomographic images of crystallized natural magmas and synthetic analogs (2016)
    Mineralogical Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-08
    Description: X-ray computed microtomography is a non-destructive imaging technique recognized in the geosciences as a powerful tool to investigate rock textures directly in three dimensions (3D) at the micrometer and sub-micrometer scale. The quantitative morphological and textural analysis of images requires segmentation and characterization of phases in the reconstructed volume based upon their gray levels (related to their relative X-ray attenuation) and/or morphological aspects. Often the differences in X-ray attenuation of some phases are so small that no contrast is observed in the reconstructed slices or, although the human eye can discern the differences between these phases, it is difficult, or sometimes impossible, to reliably segment and separately analyze these phases. Facing this challenge, we propose an experimental and computational procedure that allows the segmentation of phases with small density variations in geomaterials. By using an experimental protocol based on phase-contrast synchrotron X-ray microtomography combined with a customized 3D image processing procedure, we successfully segmented feldspar from the glassy matrix in both a natural volcanic sample and a synthetic analog. Our results demonstrate that crystallized natural volcanic rocks and synthetic analogs can be characterized by synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast microtomography and that phase-retrieval processing is an invaluable tool for the reconstruction of 3D multiphase textures.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of America
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  • 8
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    Caffeine in Floral Nectar Enhances a Pollinator's Memory of Reward (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-08
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science
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