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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predation on cephalopods by Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella, at two localities of the Scotia Arc, Antarctica (1999)
    Springer
    Polar biology 21 (1999), S. 59-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cephalopod remains from 206 Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) scats collected at Mossman Peninsula, South Orkney Islands (n = 105) and at Stranger Point, South Shetland Islands (n = 101) contained 148 beaks (57 lower and 91 upper). The lower beaks were sorted and measured. Identification of 33 of the lower beaks that were collected at Mossman Peninsula revealed two squid species, Brachioteuthis ?picta (n = 26) and Psychroteuthisglacialis (n = 7), with lower rostral lengths (LRL) of 2.0–3.5 mm, and 1.0–2.5 mm, respectively. Identification of 15 of the lower beaks collected at Stranger Point revealed the same squid species, with the LRL of B. ?picta ranging from 3.0–3.4 mm (n = 9), and that of P. glacialis from 2.0 to 3.5 mm (n = 6). Estimated squid sizes and wet masses indicate that Antarctic fur seals feed on the small sub-adult squid which inhabit the surface layers. We have compared the squid diet estimated for the seals with that reported for its congeners in lower latitudes and other Antarctic seals, and conclude that cephalopods do not form an important food resource for Antarctic fur seals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050333
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ heart rate and activity of incubating Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) (1989)
    Springer
    Polar biology 9 (1989), S. 365-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Heart rates and activity were monitored over 24 h in unrestrained, incubating Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) exposed to natural conditions in the colony. Heart rate (HR in bpm) increased linearly with wind speed (w; range 0–19 m/s): HR = 85.8+1.35 w, but was unrelated (P〉0.05) to temperature (-2.5°–6°C), humidity (37%–100%) cloud cover (0–8/8) and estimated solar radiation (0–12). Wind-induced heat loss was apparently compensated to a large degree by increased metabolic activity. Activity (A) measured as frequency of standing per hour, decreased linearly with temperature (t) and wind speed (w): A = 1.651−0.033w−0.090t. After correcting for meteorological influences, heart rate and bird activity showed no diurnal periodicity. When incubating, metabolism and activity of Adélie penguins appear to be mainly governed by climatic variations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442526
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increase in numbers of male fur seals Arctocephalus gazella during the summer autumn period at Mossman Peninsula (Laurie Island) (1989)
    Springer
    Polar biology 9 (1989), S. 487-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fur seal, Arctocephalus gazella, population at Mossman Peninsula (Laurie Island) was studied from 1985 to 1987. Weekly counts were carried out at a 4 km bachelor haul-out beach from December through June. Maxima of 2 240, 2 787 and 5 196 juvenile and adult males were counted during March of the respective years. Census data indicate an increase in the non-breeding population of 13.5% between 1985–1986 and 46.5% between 1986–1987.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261030
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human-induced behaviour in Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae (1989)
    Springer
    Polar biology 10 (1989), S. 77-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae appear to be little perturbed by man. We examined the incidence of nest desertion and duration of foraging trip in Adélie penguins when manipulated and fitted with devices of differing sizes. Birds with ca. 1 cm clipped from their tail feathers stayed at sea 50% longer than unmarked controls. The length of foraging trip and incidence of nest desertion increased with increasing device volume. Penguins fitted with devices did not reduce foraging trip length to that of unpackaged birds for at least 19 days. The susceptibility of Adélie penguins to disturbance should be carefully considered when activity patterns are being studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238293
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foraging rhythms in Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) at hope bay, Antarctica; determination and control (1989)
    Springer
    Polar biology 10 (1989), S. 161-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We studied diel periodicity in activity of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) during the austral summer solstice and one month later by counting, hourly, numbers of birds leaving colonies to forage, numbers arriving back after foraging, numbers in a colony and numbers resting outside the colonies. During the solstice large numbers of birds were arriving at and departing from the colony at all times of the day although there was a tendency for more birds to be at sea when light intensity was highest at mid-day. Generally, birds not brooding chicks did not rest on land. A month later, when visibility was poor at mid-night, the percentage of birds at sea was highly positively correlated with light intensity. Birds returning from foraging in the evening fed chicks immediately and then either rested in the colonies or on snow patches between the colonies and the sea until the following morning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238490
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet of Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae during the post-hatching period at Esperanza Bay, Antarctica, 1987/88 (1995)
    Springer
    Polar biology 15 (1995), S. 415-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The diet of the Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae was studied at Esperanza Bay, Antarctic Peninsula, during the post-hatching period by quantitative analysis of adult stomach contents. Euphausiids constituted on average 96% by mass, while fish contributed 4% by mass. Amphipods were present in small amounts. Antarctic krill Euphausia superba was the predominant component throughout the sampling period. In contrast, Euphausia crystallorophias occurred rarely. Differences in the size of krill taken by Adélie penguins appear to reflect either local changes in the availability of certain age classes at various times in the breed ing season, or differences in foraging areas, or are due to year-to-year differences in prey availability and abundance, possibly caused by variations in seasonal ice cover. Pleuragramma antarcticum constituted the bulk of the fish portion, particularly during the guard period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239717
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet of Cape petrel Daption capense during the post-hatching period at Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands, Antarctica (1997)
    Springer
    Polar biology 18 (1997), S. 236-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The diet of Cape petrel Daption capense was investigated at Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands (60°46′S, 44°42′W), Antarctica, in the period January–February 1996. Stomach contents of adults and regurgitate of chicks were sampled during the post-hatching period. The analysis showed that during the whole sampling period Antarctic krill and fish represented the predominant preys in terms of frequency of occurrence, forming nearly 35.8% and 64% by mass, respectively. The species Electrona antarctica was the most frequent fish prey. Amphipods were present in lower numbers and cephalopods were detected in the diet, but in a very small proportion. Diet composition in terms of frequency of occurrence, mass and number is compared with results of previous studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050183
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Depth utilisation by breeding Adélie penguins,Pygoscelis adeliae, at Esperanza Bay, Antarctica (1991)
    Springer
    Marine biology 109 (1991), S. 181-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Miniature depth gauges were attached in December 1987 and January 1988 to Adélie penguins,Pygoscelis adeliae, breeding at Esperanza on the Antarctic Peninsula. Results from 34 birds showed that foraging penguins with eggs and with brooded and crèching chicks spent mean periods away from the nest of 96, 36 and 21 h, respectively, during which time means of 29.0 h (30%), 11.2 h (31%) and 2.7 h (13%), respectively, were spent under water at depths 〉 5 m. Time under water was positively correlated with time absent from nest. Maximum depth reached was 170 m but overall birds spent most time at shallower depths. Birds foraging for brooded chicks dived deeper than birds foraging for crèching chicks. Stomach-pumping indicated that the principal prey caught at this time was krill,Euphausia superba. Mean mass changes of adults during single foraging trips indicated that krill were caught at a mean rate of 7.2 g min−1 spent under water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01319385
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fish prey of Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella, during the summer-autumn period at Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands (1993)
    Springer
    Polar biology 13 (1993), S. 287-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fish component in the diet of Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella, was investigated at Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands from mid January to April 1988. Fish otoliths occurred in 78.8% of faecal droppings. Most of the otoliths extracted from scats belonged to Myctophid fish (93.4%), mainly Electrona antarctica and Gymnoscopelus nicholsi. These two fish species thus constituted the bulk of the diet. A greater percentage of the otoliths from G. nicholsi (31.1%) in this study were considered suitable for measurement in comparison with 10.3% from scats at Heard Island in 1990 and 11.4% at Macquarie Island in 1988/89. This lesser degree of erosion would suggest that foraging areas of fur seals during this study were closer to land than during previous studies. During the period studied, the commercial fishery around the South Orkneys was not based on Myctophid fish so there was no direct competition for fish between the fur seals and fisheries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238354
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pygoscelid penguins in a swim canal (1991)
    Springer
    Polar biology 11 (1991), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Antarctica, we investigated the energy consumption of Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae), Gentoo (P. papua) and Chinstrap (P. antarctica) penguins while resting in the water (8.4 W-kg−1) and swimming underwater at various speeds, using a 21m long canal filled with sea-water at 4°C in conjunction with respirometry. The birds swam at will and consumed 15.7, 16.1 and 10 W·kg−1 at the speed where cost of transport was minimal (2.1, 2.3 and 2.5 m·s−1 in Adélie, Gentoo and Chinstrap penguins, respectively). Thermal conductance in pygoscelid penguins was 3.3 W·°C−1. m−2 and energy expenditure (Pi, W·kg−1) while resting in the water is given by Pj = -0.3 ta+9.6, where ta is water temperature in °C. During the breeding season, pygoscelid penguins spend 25–40% of their daily energy expenditure while foraging at sea. The importance of accurate estimates of at-sea activity and energy consumption is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238463
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