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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impacts of land management on fluxes of trace greenhouse gases (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 20 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Land use change and land management practices affect the net emissions of the trace gases methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), as well as carbon sources and sinks. Changes in CH4 and N2O emissions can substantially alter the overall greenhouse gas balance of a system. Drainage of peatlands for agriculture or forestry generally increases N2O emission as well as that of CO2, but also decreases CH4 emission. Intermittent drainage or late flooding of rice paddies can greatly diminish the seasonal emission of CH4 compared with continuous flooding. Changes in N2O emissions following land use change from forest or grassland to agriculture vary between climatic zones, and the net impact varies with time. In many soils, the increase in carbon sequestration by adopting no-till systems may be largely negated by associated increases in N2O emission. The promotion of carbon credits for the no-till system before we have better quantification of its net greenhouse gas balance is naïve. Applying nitrogen fertilizers to forests could increase the forest carbon sink, but may be accompanied by a net increase in N2O; conversely, adding lime to acid forest soils can decrease the N2O emission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00366.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predicting N2O emissions from agricultural land through related soil parameters (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: An empirical model of nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soils has been developed. It is based on the relationship between N2O and three soil parameters – soil mineral N (ammonium plus nitrate) content in the topsoil, soil water-filled pore space and soil temperature – determined in a study on a fertilized grassland in 1992 and 1993. The model gave a satisfactory prediction of seasonal fluxes in other seasons when fluxes were much higher, and also from other grassland sites and from cereal and oilseed rape crops, over a wide flux range (〈 1 to 〉 20 kg N2O-N ha−1 y−1). However, the model underestimated emissions from potato and broccoli crops; possible reasons for this are discussed. This modelling approach, based as it is on well-established and widely used soil measurements, has the potential to provide flux estimates from a much wider range of agricultural sites than would be possible by direct measurement of N2O emissions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00319.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A re-examination of closed flux chamber methods for the measurement of trace gas emissions from soils to the atmosphere (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 49 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The most widely used method for measuring the emission of a trace gas such as N2O from soil to the atmosphere involves the accumulation of the gas under closed chambers followed by sampling and analysis (by gas chromatography or infrared methods). These chambers can affect the gas exchange, and so improved designs have been proposed. We have tested their performance. One design includes a vent tube to allow ambient pressure fluctuations to occur also inside the chamber. We tested it against a sealed version on two different grassland sites during N2O peak emissions in spring 1997. On a welldrained soil with a fairly large air permeability vented chambers yielded fluxes as much as five times those of sealed chambers, depending on wind speed. By contrast, on a heavier and wetter soil with smaller air permeability vented chambers averaged only 88% of the fluxes observed with sealed chambers. The effects of venting cannot be explained solely on the basis of mean pressure differences inside and outside the chamber. It seems more likely that wind blowing over the vent depressurizes the chamber (Venturi effect), resulting in significant gas flow from the more permeable soil into the interior of the chamber. The opposite trend for the less permeable soil suggests that diffusion losses through the vent tube are greater than the increase in concentration due to soil gas flow. Venting can create larger errors than the ones it is supposed to overcome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1998.4940701.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exchange of greenhouse gases between soil and atmosphere: interactions of soil physical factors and biological processes (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This review examines the interactions between soil physical factors and the biological processes responsible for the production and consumption in soils of greenhouse gases. The release of CO2 by aerobic respiration is a non-linear function of temperature over a wide range of soil water contents, but becomes a function of water content as a soil dries out. Some of the reported variation in the temperature response may be attributable simply to measurement procedures. Lowering the water table in organic soils by drainage increases the release of soil carbon as CO2 in some but not all environments, and reduces the quantity of CH4 emitted to the atmosphere. Ebullition and diffusion through the aerenchyma of rice and plants in natural wetlands both contribute substantially to the emission of CH4; the proportion of the emissions taking place by each pathway varies seasonally. Aerated soils are a sink for atmospheric CH4, through microbial oxidation. The main control on oxidation rate is gas diffusivity, and the temperature response is small. Nitrous oxide is the third greenhouse gas produced in soils, together with NO, a precursor of tropospheric ozone (a short-lived greenhouse gas). Emission of N2O increases markedly with increasing temperature, and this is attributed to increases in the anaerobic volume fraction, brought about by an increased respiratory sink for O2. Increases in water-filled pore space also result in increased anaerobic volume; again, the outcome is an exponential increase in N2O emission. The review draws substantially on sources from beyond the normal range of soil science literature, and is intended to promote integration of ideas, not only between soil biology and soil physics, but also over a wider range of interacting disciplines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1351-0754.2003.0567.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An explanation of linear increases in gas concentration under closed chambers used to measure gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Earlier models describing the accumulation of gases under closed chambers are based on the assumption of a constant concentration source that does not change during the time of chamber deployment. A new model is proposed which is based on the assumption of a constant production source, and takes into account possible changes in gas concentrations at the source during chamber deployment. Using N2O as an example, simulations have been carried out for different source strength and depth, diffusivities and air porosities. The main finding was a chamber-induced increase in gas concentrations in the upper part of the soil profile, including the depth where the N2O source is located. The increase started immediately after chamber closure. Nevertheless, fluxes calculated from increasing concentrations within the chamber's headspace were always less than those expected under undisturbed conditions, i.e. in the absence of a chamber. This was due to a proportion of the gas produced being stored within the soil profile while the chamber was in place. The discrepancy caused by this effect increased with increasing air-filled porosity and decreasing height of the chamber, and a procedure for correcting chamber flux measurements accordingly is proposed. The increase in soil gas concentrations after chamber closure was confirmed in a laboratory experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2000.00292.x
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  • 6
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    Inter-comparison of different direct and indirect methods to determine radon flux from soil (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Print ISSN: 1350-4487
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-0925
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 7
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    Export of ice nucleating particles from a watershed (2017)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-31
    Description: Ice nucleating particles (INP) active at a few degrees below 0°C are produced by a range of organisms and released into the environment. They may affect cloud properties and precipitation when becoming airborne. So far, our knowledge about sources of biological INP is based on grab samples of vegetation, soil or water studied in the laboratory. By combining measurements of INP concentrations in river water with river water discharge rates over the course of 16 months, we obtained a lower limit for the production rate of INP in a watershed covering most of Switzerland (4 x 10 5 INP –8 m –2 d –1 ). Coincidentally, we found that INP –8 are likely to retain their potential for catalysing ice formation in the natural environment for at least several months before they are mobilized by an intensive rainfall, washed into the river and exported from the watershed.
    Keywords: atmospheric science, environmental science
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 8
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    An automatic static chamber for continuous and flux measurements from soil (2004)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-01
    Print ISSN: 1350-4487
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-0925
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
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    Mapping terrestrial -dose rate in Europe based on routine monitoring data (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-01
    Print ISSN: 1350-4487
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-0925
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 10
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    Elemental mercury fluxes over a sub-alpine grassland determined with two micrometeorological methods (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-01
    Print ISSN: 1352-2310
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-2844
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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